tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15548144732343984302024-02-20T13:41:28.235-08:00Kindle paper writeHow To Write Persuasive Essaylorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-79543903720913912772020-08-25T02:12:00.001-07:002020-08-25T02:12:20.988-07:00Jimmy Buffett free essay sampleWhat is the most ideal approach to end your mid year get-away? In the event that yousaid heading off to a Jimmy Buffett show on an ideal summer night, youre right! Iwent with a gathering of my dearest companions, and it was the best show I have everbeen to. The fun really began in the parking garage. Show goers andeven non-show goers celebrated there throughout the evening. Vehicles were designed withfins, explode parrot and shark toys, inflatables and umbrellas, everybody barbecuedand some even played in scaled down pools. The pre-show fun proceeded inside the gate,where vocalists and artists wearing amazing Jamaican outfits strolled onstilts nn here and there the walkways among inflatable balls hurled noticeable all around. Abarefoot Jimmy Buffett started singing immediately at eight oclock on a stagedecorated with bamboo cottages and palm trees. For the duration of the night he sang favoritessuch as Cheeseburger in Paradise, Margaritaville,Fins, Come Monday and Son of a Son of aSailor. He likewise had the crowd take an interest in a karaoke adaptation of one ofhis tunes. We will compose a custom article test on Jimmy Buffett or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page During the melodies, hand crafted recordings played on large screens andlights flashed. With just a single ten-minute break, Jimmy Buffett played for morethan three hours. Throughout his break, a taped meeting played, giving the audiencea look behind the music. He talked about the motivations in his tunes, his life andtravels. The night was loaded up with so much fervor and fun, Irecommend that anybody, Buffett fans or not, go to a Jimmy Buffett show nexttime he is visiting the area. lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-61764982046344359932020-08-22T02:55:00.001-07:002020-08-22T02:55:34.386-07:00Agriculture and Development Free EssaysFarming is in numerous pieces of the world is the principle wellspring of food and salary of family units. The job that farming plays being developed has been bantered during the most recent decades and the perspectives about it are different. Today, numerous creators think about agribusiness as a fundamental factor for advancement and a significant instrument for destitution lightening. We will compose a custom paper test on Agribusiness and Development or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now As I would see it access to land and water is a key condition to guarantee the vocation of poor people. The present economic situations and the financial advancement process make it hard for little ranchers to rival the global circle, which drove numerous individuals to move out of agribusiness. Additionally, the market-driven economy has genuine natural outcomes, which prompts the interest in the exploration of progressively practical horticulture techniques. In this article, we give a situational examination of horticulture in the third world, which warrants our enthusiasm for the equivalent. 1. Various perspectives about Agriculture and Development. For certain creators farming is a supplier of crude material for the remainder of the financial segments and it is viewed as a simple supporter of fuel monetary turn of events. This shortsighted vision stand out from that of the individuals who consider farming to be a basic instrument for industrialization, permitting the exchange of money to urban territories, animating the market and, along these lines, bringing about financial turn of events. As indicated by Norton (2004), the majority of financial speculations of the most recent 50 years bolster industrialization as the premise of monetary turn of events. Numerous administrations supporting this hypothesis considered progression to be horticultural merchandise as the key for financial development, without considering the impact of reliance that the new framework would make. 2. The impacts of the market on country horticulture. The instance of Kenya, The worldwide economy and advancement effectsly affects agribusiness, and particularly on the economy of smallholderââ¬â¢s ranchers in the Third World. New market plans have brought open doors for certain ranchers, yet additionally had negative effect on others, who can't contend with the low costs set up by a changed exchange. A case of this is the situation of Kenya, which the same number of nations in Africa, experienced a solid financial emergency during the 80s. The new global terms of exchange and the expansion of the world loan fees, along with inner causes, (for example, one of the most noticeably terrible dry season times of its history and political blunder) prompted lamentable results on its horticulture. Global market courses of action enormously impact the country poor occupations as it sets up the guidelines that may not permit them to play in the market. These principles are intended to profit only huge business ranchers, rather than country smallholders ranchers who have encountered a decrease in their livelihoods. Food costs are personally associated with the world market in territories where the poor live. 3. Agribusiness inquire about for improvement. Smallholder ranchers produce food, which will be devoured by poor people, so rustic agribusiness, is a key for the jobs of most of the worldââ¬â¢s least fortunate individuals (Kydd, 2002). Along these lines, agribusiness is a focal inquiry of improvement and it needs the selection of helpful advancements for the diverse rustic populationââ¬â¢s needs. The thought is that smallholder ranchers will have the option to expand their abilities to improve their expectation for everyday comforts through their own endeavors. In this manner, as opposed to tending to the manifestations ought to be smarter to address the reasons for destitution through the utilization of progressively proper horticulture strategies to country ranchers. The commercialization of horticulture has likewise prompted a lot of agribusiness rehearses totally not the same as those of the only remaining century. These progressions are essentially forced by the new market requests and by the producersââ¬â¢ endeavors to answer it. The new farming examples included an adjustment in the exploration techniques did by private associations looking for progressively effective creation rehearses. In this specific situation, propels in biotechnology in the most recent decades have concentrated on beneficial markets, particularly orientated to huge business horticulture. As indicated by Norton, (2004), water system alone can't be the main premise to gracefully food to an expanding total populace. Significant advances have been made in GMO as another option in contrast to food creation so as to take care of people in the future. ââ¬Å"Participatory innovation developmentâ⬠, where the ranchers procure the control and assume a vital job on agrarian turn of events. Like in the prior years industrialization, little ranchers have again in his grasp the apparatuses for mechanical change in horticulture, in spite of the fact that this new participatory procedure is still in its advancement stage. 4. Sexual orientation contemplations. Because of the fundamental job that ladies are playing today on the economy of the family in creating nations, horticulture advancement look into can't overlook sexual orientation issues when structuring new projects. Ladies in numerous nations produce a huge piece of the food yields of the families and they are basic for the familyââ¬â¢s food security (IFAD, 2001). . References. Reference index. Duncan, A. Howell, J. (1992). Auxiliary Adjustment and the African Farmer. London and Portsmouth: ODI, James Currey Ltd. Heinemann Educational Books, Inc. o Search Top of Form Step by step instructions to refer to Agriculture and Development, Papers lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-83632181832947420292020-07-27T15:10:00.001-07:002020-07-27T15:10:02.812-07:00Juniors MIT and other summer programsJuniors MIT and other summer programs This message goes out especially to the juniors seniors, spread the word to your favorite underclassmen. The three high school summer programs hosted by MIT MITES, RSI, and WTP have their application deadlines coming up quickly. All three are open exclusively to high school juniors. MITES and RSI are free; WTP is subsidized and offers financial aid. Heres a little more about them: Minority Introduction to Engineering and Science (MITES) is a rigorous six-week residential, academic enrichment summer program for promising high school juniors who are interested in studying and exploring careers in science, engineering, and entrepreneurship. The Research Science Institute (RSI), sponsored by the Center for Excellence in Education and MIT, is a rigorous academic program which emphasizes advanced theory and research in mathematics, the sciences, and engineering. The Womens Technology Program (WTP) is a four-week summer academic and residential experience where female high school students explore engineering through hands-on classes, labs, and team-based projects. There are two tracks from which you can choose: Electrical Engineering Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering. Please note that all three applications require essays, teacher recommendations, and transcripts, and all three have extremely competitive admissions. If you are planning to apply to one of these programs, dont procrastinate! The MIT programs are just three of many terrific math science summer programs that high school juniors can consider. All of the below are national/international, selective, multi-week, residential summer programs in math science. Science Research programs Clark Scholar Program Garcia Summer Scholars High School Summer Science Research Program (HSSSRP) Michigan State University High School Honors Science/Mathematics/Engineering Program (HSHSP) Minority Introduction to Engineering Science (MITES) BU Research Internship Program Research Science Institute (RSI) Secondary Student Training Program (SSTP) Student Science Training Program (SSTP) Summer Science Program (SSP) Young Engineering and Science Scholars (YESS) Math programs AwesomeMath Canada/USA Mathcamp Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics (HCSSiM) Honors Summer Math Camp (HSMC) Program in Mathematics for Young Scientists (PROMYS) The Ross Program Stanford University Mathematics Camp (SUMaC) Womens programs SEARCH Summer Science and Engineering Program (SSEP) Womens Technology Program (WTP) Programs open to out-of-state; largely regional COSMOS NIH Summer Internship Program Shad Valley Simons Summer Research Program Young Scholars Program in Discrete Mathematics State Governors schools Governors schools directory I do not recommend these summer programs as a thing to do to look good on a college application. This should be for personal development. We do not expect that students do these programs. As Ive said in previous entries, a summer of working and spending time with friends family is a great option, one I chose for the majority of my summers in high school. Reading, doing sports, rebuilding a car, traveling to Europe or Quebec or New York, or whatever else are great ways to spend your summers. I just hope youll take advantage of the large block of free time to do something meaningful for yourself. lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-48590918468903679582020-05-22T12:49:00.001-07:002020-05-22T12:49:02.682-07:00Advocacy And Public Policy Making - 1469 Words PAGE 1 OF 5 Advocacy and Public Policy Making HA545- Health Policy Kaplan University Introduction The purpose of this essay is to discuss Medicare Part D, as well as the influence of the various interest groups and governmental entities during this process. This essay will discuss both the policy process and the policy environment (the key players involved and other circumstances that shaped this policy-making effort), how stakeholder groups influenced the final outcome of Medicare Part D legislation, the specific strategies and tools that were used most effectively, and if the fact that Medicare Part D passed corresponds with my understanding of policy and politics. Medicare Part D, also called the Medicare prescription drug benefit, is a United States federal-government program to subsidize the costs of prescription drugs and prescription drug insurance premiums for Medicare beneficiaries in the United States. Enacted as part of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 and went into effect on January 1, 2006 (Wikipedia, 2010). In December 2003, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Imp rovement and Modernization Act (MMA) became law. The act created the Medicare Part D drug benefit to provide drug coverage to elderly and disabled people who did not previously have it. The stand-alone prescription drug plans that are the lynchpin of the program did not previously exist. The structure of the program is clearly intended to increase the role of private plans in Medicare (TheShow MoreRelatedPublic Policy Issues: Case of Keystone and House Bill 1540689 Words à |à 3 Pagesthe government. Public policy is a guide for the administrative function of the state to implement laws, regulatory measures and funding priorities that will benefit the citizenry. Generally, it is embodied within macro constitutional or legislative documents and acts, and/or judicial decisions (Schuster, 2009). In our original scenarios, we are dealing with the Keystone Pipeline and House Bill 1540 as related to public policy. 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A good definition of Policy is the concept of action adopted by an individual, organization, or government. Policy could come in different forms providing the nature of business. Example of policies include; Foreign policy, Immigration policy, Civil right policy, Transportation policy. Policy implementation guides and regulates actions/procedures in a business or firm. In the book ââ¬Å"Policy regime and policy changeâ⬠byRead MoreEssay On Advocacy Strategies1286 Words à |à 6 PagesThe advocacy strategy must be evaluated because advocacy often only provides results partially, an advocacy team needs to measure and monitor regularly and objectively what has been accomplished and what more important to be done. Primarily, evaluation is important in terms of accountability means to examine whether a case can be made that an advocacy effort produced its intended results and also to ensure the advocacy efforts are doing what they said they would do and that the well-managed resourcesRead MoreMobile For Youth Legal Services1452 Words à |à 6 PagesAn interview was conducted with Miss Kessler a legal advocate who has worked at Mobile for Youth Legal Services for over five years. Mobile for Youth (MFY) legal services is an independent non-for-profit organization that provides free legal and advocacy services to the underserved population in New York City who cannot afford an attorney. MFY maintains a robust practice on a wide range of civil legal issues such as housing, disability rights, employment and health care benefits, among others. MFYRead MoreHow Did Structural Concepts Influence The Use Of Advocacy And Inquiry?1632 Words à |à 7 Pagesand services of KCLS was in full swing, but there were still many organizational issues dealing with advocacy, encouraging public service motivation, and both human resource and structural problems. Explain the use of advocacy inquiry, or lack thereof that occurred throughout the case. How did structural concepts influence the use of advocacy and inquiry? Bolman and Deal (2013) define advocacy as including statements that communicate what an individual actually thinks, knows, wants or feels lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-49568795415204908152020-05-09T02:43:00.001-07:002020-05-09T02:43:02.516-07:00Reconstruction Plan - 1116 Words The Civil War, one of the most brutal and bloody wars in US History ended in 1865, and left the country in ruin. Abraham Lincoln, the president of the U.S at the time came up with the plan to re-build the country after the war. He called it Reconstruction Plan. The Reconstruction Plan was put to use right after the war in 1865 and ended in 1877. Within the Reconstruction Plan, Lincoln offered a model for reinstatement of Southern states called the 10 percent Reconstruction plan. And also, during reconstruction period, we witnessed the emerged of Black Code which created the Fourteen and Fifteen Amendments and followed up by the 1876 election and Southern Segregation. In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln began preparing his plan forâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Tilden received 184 electoral votes of the 185 needed to become president. Hayes only received 165 votes and lost the popular vote by approximately 300,000 votes. Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohios Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, with 20 votes uncounted. However, the election results were disputed because of confusing ballots in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida. Under normal procedure, disputed votes would be recounted in front of Congress by the president of the Senate. The result was the Compromise of 1877, in which Democrats agreed to let Hayes become president in exchange for a complete withdrawal of federal troops from the South. Republicans agreed, and shortly after Hayes was sworn in as president, he ordered the remaining federal troops to vacate South Carolina and Louisiana. After the end of Reconstruction, which followed from the Compromise of 1877, the new Democratic governments in the South instituted state laws to separate black and white racial groups. From holding political offices, the right to vote, and participating as equal members of society was changed. For example in voting a grandfather clause was introduced. The only people who could vote were those who either passed a literacy test or whose grandfather had voted. The latter exemption excluded blacks from voting, as their grandfathers had of course not been allowed to vote. The Black peopleShow MoreRelated Three Plans For Reconstruction Essay1043 Words à |à 5 Pages Analysis of the Three Plans for Reconstruction The American Civil War, lasting from 1861-1865, was the most severe military conflict the country had seen; it involved the United States of America (the Union), and eleven secessionist Southern states (the Confederate States of America). The war was the upshot of decades worth of political, social, and economic conflict between the agricultural South, which produced mainly cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane, and the industrialRead MoreReconstruction : Johnson s Plans And His Battles With Congress1576 Words à |à 7 Pages Reconstruction Johnsonââ¬â¢s Plans and His Battles With Congress: Republican Abraham Lincoln chose Democratic Senator from Tennessee, in 1864, to be his vice presidential candidate. Abraham Lincoln was on the lookout for Southern support. He was hoping that choosing Johnson, would appeal the Southerners who never planned on leaving the union. Johnson also grew up in poverty. He hadnââ¬â¢t learned to write until he was around 20yrs old. He rose up to political power as a ââ¬Å"backerâ⬠of a small farmer. InRead MoreThe Reconstruction Plan For The United States1918 Words à |à 8 PagesSean Gao AP US History Mr. Gold Due: September 8th, 2015 The Reconstruction Plan As the Civil War rages on, the question remains, what is next for the United States of America after the North wins? How do we address all the issues for which we went to war for? How do we deal with the people who tried to split our great country into two? Unifying the United States is not going to be an easy task, as the rift between North and the South is enormous, and many differences exist between the two factionsRead MoreEssay on My Own Reconstruction Plan after the Civil War867 Words à |à 4 PagesNorth won, a bigger battle still had to take place; reconstruction. Reconstruction after the war was not going to be easy, and it was not. What was the primary goal? What should be done to ex-confederates? Free Blacks? How should this reconstruction take place? Many of these questions were solved by the government, but how well? Reconstruction could have gone very differently, and that is what I intend to show. I will develop my own reconstruction policy for the United States after the American CivilRead MoreBreast Reconstruction Procedures For Women1221 Words à |à 5 PagesBrickell neighborhood. He performs breast reconstruction procedures for women who have had a mastectomy. With breast reconstruction surgery, Dr. G can provide women with natural-looking, shapely breasts. Types of Breast Reconstruction Procedures Available Near Brickell For some patients, reconstruction can begin during their mastectomy. Other patients may choose to have their breast reconstruction at some point after their mastectomy. Typically, breast reconstruction surgery involves several surgical sessionsRead MoreThe Psychosocial Effects Of Breast Cancer1506 Words à |à 7 Pagesfor women who have had mastectomy secondary to breast cancer is to receive a breast reconstruction.2 On top of a common but devastating diagnosis of breast cancer with fears of facing months of chemotherapy and radiation, most women also make the decision to beat the cancer with a mastectomy and reconstruction. The topic I am choosing for my literature review is the psychosocial effects after breast reconstruction in women who have chosen mastectomy as an intervention for breast cancer. I have alwaysRead MoreThe Underlying Methods Of Paramilitary Operations Used By White Redeemers897 Words à |à 4 Pages1890s. Secretive attacks on freedmen, carpetbaggers, and other Republicans were an effective way in which to discourage the Reconstruction reforms through the federal government. In essence, the violent methods of paramilitary operations by white Redeemers were the primary method of reconstituting Democratic power in the South in the post-Civil War era. During the reconstruction era, the use of paramilitary operations by white Redeemers was an important tool in removing freedmen, carpetbaggers, andRead More The Failure of the Post Civil War Reconstruction Period in America674 Words à |à 3 Pages After the North won the civil war, it was time to rebuild this nation. This period of reconstruction was supposed to have a profound change on society. Unfortunately this was not the case. Reconstruction did not fundamentally alter this nation. Not to say that nothing happened, but nothing that really made a change or difference happened. First, the control of the south was given right back to the planter elite. Also, even though slavery was abolished; blacks were not free. FinallyRead MoreWho Should Consider With Gummy Bear Breast Implants1246 Words à |à 5 Pagesscheduling your initial consultation with Dr. Naidu at her office near Queens: She will ask questions related to your medical history, current health status and medication usage as well as why you would like to have breast enhancement surgery. If you do plan on becoming pregnant or breastfeeding at any point in the future, please inform Dr. Naidu of this desire. She will explain how these actions will affect the results of your breast enhancement procedure. Dr. Naidu will want to examine your breasts:Read MoreBusiness Plan For An Upscale Bowling Lounge Essay1280 Words à |à 6 Pagesbusiness can generate more revenue. 2. The cost is comparably low for adding kid-friendly area, it needs $200K-300K investment, which is lower than another new business idea, building an upscale bowling lounge. And this option only needs little reconstruction, there is no significant remodel cost. Also, the maintenance cost is kind of low because the kid-friendly facilities will face low chance of damage. 3. Parents are usually willing to spend more money on their children for entertainment, data shown lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-982420858660662632020-05-06T10:01:00.001-07:002020-05-06T10:01:49.344-07:00Government-operated Gambling Free Essays Over the past few years, government operated gambling has grown into a massive business, there has been much controversy around the topic of weather or not Gambling should be regulated. In this essay I will explain my point of view on this topic and give examples that support my ideas. So, what should the stateââ¬â¢s policy towards gambling? I believe that the state should not regulate gambling because of three main reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Government-operated Gambling or any similar topic only for you Order Now My first reason is peopleââ¬â¢s rights and freedoms. Second, Gambling has grown into a major industry over the pas few years; the centre for addiction and mental health stated in their Gambling Policy framework in 2011 ââ¬Å"Government-operated gambling has steadily expanded in Ontario in the past two decades, revenues reaching $4. 7 billion in 2009. â⬠(2). This shows that Gambling has grown to become a major industry in todayââ¬â¢s economy and by doing so it has helped society in several different aspects, the growth of the gambling industry has lead to an increase in revenue for the government, thus resulting in more social benefits towards the public. Finally, The gambling industry has lead to many job opportunities in north America, offering a beacon of hope to those in need of jobs during a recession. In modern society, freedom is not only supported but also cherished, people should be given the freedom to live their lives as they please, weather they choose to live their lives in a healthy way or not that is up to them. However, they must be given the right to live as they please. In the United States, groups such as the KKK are protected under the first amendment, which protects their freedom of speech, no matter how ludicrous it may be, they have the right to say as they please. The same should be applied to life. People should have the choice to live their lives as they please without being watched over by the government. Since gambling does require participants to be of legal age, we know that the people gambling are adults. These grown ups should be able to have control over their own lives, its their responsibility to understand the chances they are taking when gambling. Some may argue that certain people canââ¬â¢t control their gambling problems and have gotten too addicted to gambling and that casinos take advantage of these people. These claims are supported by some statistics given in the centre for addiction and mental health, which states, ââ¬Å"it is estimated that between 30% and 40% of Ontarioââ¬â¢s gambling revenues come from the 3% of the population with gambling problemsâ⬠(2). This statistic shows that the gambling industry does heavily depend of the people addicted to the game. I would respond by expressing two points. First, the people with gambling problems of which they cannot control are a minority, in Jonathan Wolffââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Ethics and public policy A Philosophical inquiryâ⬠, the author states that ââ¬Å"between 0. and 0. 8 of the UK adult population could be classified as problem gamblesâ⬠(59). Furthermore, in the centre for addiction and mental healthââ¬â¢s Gambling Policy framework in 2011 that ââ¬Å"just over 3% of the provinceââ¬â¢s population experiences moderate to severe gambling problems. â⬠(57). These numbers do not justify having to discipline a n entire industry that would affect hundreds of thousands of people that work in it and making their living off jobs in that industry. Second, increasing government regulations on casinos and lotteries will not stop these problem gamblers from gambling. Jonathan Wolff states ââ¬Å"in the late 1950s there were towns about 25 percent of the adult population gambled illegally on a regular basis. â⬠(55). Taking this point into perspective, it could be inferred that if the government increases the regulations on legal casinos and lotteries that would make it harder for people with an addiction to gamble, these people will find other ways to feed their addiction. This is a severe problem because when these people begin to gamble illegally they will put their money into other illegal activities, which could include drugs, weapons or violence. In fact, many large gangs could use this opportunity to fund their illegal activities, which would lead to more trouble in society; another point to be made towards this issue would be that of money, not only would these gamblers be putting their lives at risk when gambling illegally and dealing with gangs, but they could also be keeping this money out of the governmentââ¬â¢s hand which could go government programs to help the less fortunate. This brings me to my next point and that is that gambling has become a major source of revenue for the government. Government regulated gambling has grown into a massive industry which generates a significant amount of revenue each year of which most ends up in the government as funding for many different organizations. in the paper named ââ¬Å"Gambling: Its Pleasure and costsâ⬠by Lorne Tepperman it states that ââ¬Å"The industry groupââ¬â¢s report â⬠¦ says 57 per cent of gambling revenue ââ¬â $8. 7 billion- supported government services and charities. (9). Tepperman also states that gambling is the ââ¬Å"most financially significantâ⬠(9) segment in entertainment and that it contributes ââ¬Å"$15. 3 billion a year to the economy, according to the Canadian Gaming Association. â⬠(9). Ronald Pavalko also states in his paper titled ââ¬Å"gambling and public policyâ⬠ââ¬Å"State revenues from casino taxes totaled nearly $3. 5 billion. â⬠(336). The reality is that today, we are in a recession we canââ¬â¢t afford to decrease that revenue by implementing harsh restrictions on gambling. It is argued that even though gambling is a major source of revenue for the government, it is also a source of misery for people with gambling addictions. The centre for Addiction and Mental health states that ââ¬Å"For these individuals, a range of harms may occur, resulting in heavy social, economic, and health costs such as crime, dysfunctional relationships, and bankruptcy. â⬠(2). However, the solution to this problem is not adding restrictions to gambling but is actually using the money made from gambling towards a better cause. As I have previously stated, people addicted to gambling will not be cured from their addiction by regulating legal gambling because they will find other means to feed their addiction. I believe that the best solution to these peopleââ¬â¢s gambling problem would be using the revenue that they generate for the government in taxes could be used to create social programs for people with serious addictions to gambling that would help them quit. I believe this solution would be ideal because the minority of people with gambling addictions will be treated in a proper healthy way in order to get over their addiction, the left over revenue could still be used in other social programs and finally, the money and profit that the casinos and lotteries generate will still flow which would result in more jobs, another source of income to the economy and would prevent people from getting fired from their jobs if harsh restrictions were to be applied to gambling agencies. My final argument for this essay is that of employment. As previously stated, gambling generates a huge amount of revenue for the government, Gambling is a growing industry and with its growth it creates several opportunities for jobs for people in need. Gambling generates many jobs that help the economy grow in this time of need. Gambling generates jobs of all sorts, from the engineers and architects that build and design the casinos, to the people who sell lottery tickets, to those who actually work in casinos. All of these people generate their income because of the gambling industry. Tepperman states that in Canada gambling accounts for ââ¬Å"267,000 full time jobs. â⬠(6). Pavalko also states in his paper that in only eleven states a total of 370,207 people are employed in casinos, In a country with a current unemployment rate of 8%, the Gambling industry should be seen as a source for solutions to a much more serious problem than an addiction to gambling. Expanding the gambling industry will in return create more job opportunities and help decrease the unemployment rate dramatically. However, if the government begins to set harsher policies towards gambling and casinos are required to cut costs, the unemployment rate might increase which would create even more social issue, which could result in protests and riots from the workers who have lost their jobs due to the harsh policy towards gambling. Some might argue that Gambling still creates harm towards many people and even though it can create jobs it can also result in many people losing their jobs. I would respond by quoting Lorne Tepperman ââ¬Å"A majority of adults gamble responsible; only a small minority of the population experiences gambling related harm. (1). I believe that gambling will create more jobs that it will end and that that is just a minor side effect that could be easily cured by the revenue that gambling will generate for the government, this money could be put back into society and produce new projects that create new job opportunities and these jobs could be offered to those who had lost their previous jobs. In conclusion I would say that I do not believe that the government should regulate gambling because of the reasons that I have stated earlier in this essay. First, Gambling is a choice and freedom. It a civil right and the government should not be able to decide weather or not you are allowed to gamble or how much you are allowed to gamble. Second, Gambling has grown into a major industry and has become a major source of revenue to the government. Gambling has helped fund many government programs used to help the less fortunate, even though gambling does create certain people who are addicted to it, they are nowhere near as many as the people whom gambling helps. In this situation the pros drastically outweigh the cons and as previously stated, the revenue generated from gambling could go towards social programs made to help people with gambling addictions, that way these people will eventually cure themselves of their addiction and the hundreds of thousands of people whom depend on gambling a source of income would not be affected, which is what I believe is a win-win situation. This brings me to my final argument, employment. The gambling industry has created hundreds of thousands of job opportunities to many of those who need it, especially in a recession where millions struggle to find an income support for them and their families. I would say that the government should encourage gambling businesses to grow. However, as Christiane Pouline states in his paper titled ââ¬Å"Gamblingâ⬠that ââ¬Å"Decisions on policy pertaining to gambling need to be based on a full accounting of the health, economic and social benefits and costs of gambling. (1208). Which is why the policy towards gambling should be set to help both the gambler and the Casinos. That policy should state that a majority of the profit that is generated from Casinos should go towards social programs that will benefit society; these social programs should include programs made to help gambling addicts with their problems. James Doughney perfectly sums up this policy in his book titled ââ¬Å"The poker machine stateâ⬠. Doughney says, ââ¬Å"Try to do good; but even when you cannot at least do not knowingly cause harm. â⬠(1). Over the past several years, gambling has grown into the largest sector of the entertainment industry, creating the most amount of revenue to the government. Our society should be scared of this phenomenon and try to regulate it, we should actually take advantage of it and use it to help make the most the most of this opportunity by using the money made from gambling to improve our lives and the lives of those around us. How to cite Government-operated Gambling, Essay examples lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-24895712925609106382020-04-28T14:50:00.001-07:002020-04-28T14:50:03.568-07:00Water Crisis in UAE Table of Contents Introduction Background Literature review Discussion and results Conclusion Recommendations References Introduction Water crisis refers to the situation where the available water within a geographical location cannot meet the needs of the population in that location. This prevalent situation has drawn attention in most countries due to its severity to humanity. Despite the fact that the earth is covered by seventy percent of water, only four percent of this water is fresh.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Water Crisis in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rest is saline. Additionally, out of the fresh water, sixty-nine percent consists of glaciers, while the rest is available as surface or underground water. As a result, only one percent is available for direct human consumption, which is relatively less than the human demand (Jennifer, 2010). This condition necessitates many c ountries to embrace the option of underground water or desalinization to sustain the ever-increasing demand for water. Similarly, climate change considerably contributes to the worldwide water crisis. Due to global warming, the level of water loss on the earthââ¬â¢s surface increases especially in tropical regions. This with other factors leads to water crisis. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), water crisis is on the rise with the increase in population. With the rapid growth in population influenced by the booming economic activities within the country, the need for clean and safe water increases surpassing the supply. The countryââ¬â¢s climate, characterized by little precipitation because of high temperatures and low humidity, contributes to the water crisis. The temperatures, which fluctuate between 400C and 200C during the year, significantly influence the long run average precipitation. The countryââ¬â¢s precipitation levels are an estimated to be 80 mm per year (Env ironmental Agency, 2010). This situation is alarming especially in consideration to the growing population. The country has resorted to other forms of water generation such as desalinization and underground water mining to meet partially its water needs. Nevertheless, the peopleââ¬â¢s culture of water consumption is linked to the water crisis. It is estimated that an individual in UAE spends about 500 liters of water in a day, while the average consumption on a worldwide scale is approximately 250 liters per day. On this note, it is vital to ascertain the major contributor of water crisis based on the controversy of nature and humanity causes in UAE and other parts of the world. Background Water crisis is known as the scarcity of water that can support humanity, agriculture, energy generation, industries, and general usage. This phenomenon has been adverse in most nations dictating the need for the addition of the valuable resource. The continuous increase in population is one of the contributing factors. In UAE, since 1962, after the full exploitation of oil, the country continues to receive a massive population growth because of immigration.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This population provides the needed labor in the commercial exploitation of oil and other economic activities. With the small percentage of arable land and low precipitation in the country, it is considerably important to develop water alternatives that meet the peoplesââ¬â¢ needs. Since the country has little amounts of surface water, it focuses on the extraction of underground water and desalinization in order to sustain the growing water demands. Similarly, the economic proceedings in the country have facilitated the appropriate means of supplying water. Regardless of the governmentââ¬â¢s efforts, there still exists a huge gap between the amount of water supp lied and its demand. Therefore, the study focuses on the factors that influence water crisis in UAE with regard to humanity and nature. In analyzing the water crisis, the study seeks to establish the role that nature and people play in contributing to the phenomenon. In this regard, conclusions will be drawn based on the major contributor, which has escalated the water crisis in UAE. This implies nature will entail factors such as the level of precipitation and availability of surface and underground water, which enhance the adversity of water crisis in the country. On the other hand, people will refer to analysis of the level of water utilization in activities such as agriculture, electricity generation, and consumption. Therefore, one can establish the major contributors to the water crisis. Literature review Ali (2010) comments that ââ¬Å"the consumption level of water exceeds the available sourcesâ⬠(91) while Boberg (2005) asserts that ââ¬Å"water is one of the resources that is scarceâ⬠(112) made an analysis of the water crisis in UAE based on the water stress in the region. Ali and Boberg clarified water stress as the imbalance that exists between the amount of water needed and the available useful water. They utilized the water stress index for the rating of water crisis. Nevertheless, they failed to take into consideration various factors like the potential sources of water such as desalinization. On the other hand, the analysis of Mehmet (2000) portrays ââ¬Å"the severity of water crisis is attributed to industrialization which consumes and pollutes available waterâ⬠(p.76) but never addresses the role of nature and people regarding water stress. According to Environmental agency-Abu Dhabi (2010), ââ¬Å"breakthroughs in desalination technologies are responsible for the climate change in UAEâ⬠(p.101) depicts how climate change has affected UAE. While the Environmental Agency (2010) reported, ââ¬Å"Middle East regions experie nced an annual increase of temperature from 38oC to 40oCâ⬠attributed to global warming.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Water Crisis in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the amount of water available on the surface as well as underground has declined. This implies that there are possible chances of increased severity of the water crisis. Despite the fact that other sources of water are disregarded, there are indications that the prevailing situation in UAE is due to climate change as per the Human Development Report (2006). Jain and Singh (2010) claim that ââ¬Å"climate changes influence the level of rainfall, which contribute to water crisis.â⬠(p.251), and Jennifer (2010) attributes that ââ¬Å"failure to address strategic water management has been the lead cause of water crisis.â⬠(p.185). In addition, Waterbury (1997) asserts, ââ¬Å"with the high rate of industrializa tion, water stress has been on the riseâ⬠(p.234), concurring with them. In their reports, they discuss the various factors that contribute to water crisis such as climate change, industrialization of countries and strategic water management policies. In this case, they attribute the water crisis to emanate from the various environmentally destructive activities. While World Bank Report (2007) considers that ââ¬Å"economic activities in the Middle East countries leads to decline in rainfall from approximately 100 mm per year to 80mm per yearâ⬠(p.172). Thus, climate change affects the underground water. Considering the availability of other sources of water, none was mention concerning their impacts on water crisis. World Bank Report (2010) reveals, ââ¬Å"Seawater desalinization is the leading source of fresh waterâ⬠(p.127). Similarly, Landrais (2010) recommends, ââ¬Å"the Middle East countries ought to go for desalinization of water to sustain the growing water d emandâ⬠(p.268). Therefore, addressing desalination activities in the Middle East countries depends on the countriesââ¬â¢ ability to adopt the process of desalinization as a source of water. Through this process, the countries will considerably tackle the water crisis. UAE Report (2008) affirms, ââ¬Å"The need to sustain water demands is a real challenge with the growing populationâ⬠(p.305). In spite of this undertaking, there is a shortage regarding the water use leading to crisis, which arouses the debate of nature or humanity in the case. Discussion and results Initially, water crisis stimulates creativity and innovation. The impacts of water crisis in a country depict the importance attached to water. In UAE, Water, which is used for various purposes such as consumption, agriculture, energy generation, and industries, contribute to the economic growth of a country. As a result, the country embarks on countering water crisis effects to ensure economic prosperity. F or this reason, the country looks for non-conventional sources that they can exploit in order to meet the peopleââ¬â¢s demand for water.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of these sources include desalinization and reuse. In the process of desalinization, the extracted seawater is converted to fresh water in the desalinization plants. This source of water adds a significant volume of water, which is necessary for consumption and other economic activities. Additionally, since the costs of desalinization are high, the country adopts reuse procedures to supplement other sources. Secondly, with the resolution of water crisis, the countryââ¬â¢s economy will advance since production will increase and the living conditions for the citizens will improve. These developments would sustain the need to look for a variety of water sources that counter water crisis during harsh climatic conditions. On individualsââ¬â¢ perspective, water crisis poses a challenge of adopting means of conserving the valuable resource. As a result, the consumption levels would be moderate. This implies that with the increase in population size, the country would be able to sustain its population in relation to water demands. Based on the prevalent water crisis in UAE, citizens have been able to appreciate the need to conserve water and utilize it appropriately. Similarly, industries have developed measures that facilitate wastewater reuse. This contributes to an increase in the total volume of water useful for similar purposes. Another crucial importance of water entails electricity generation, where water plays a key role in the country. It is possible to enhance the countryââ¬â¢s production processes with the availability of water and its sufficient supply. This implies that the management of water crisis is significantly important to the progress of the country. Similarly, various agricultural activities, which supply the population with the necessary food or raw materials for industries, can only be successful with the availability of sufficient water. Therefore, the two activities could be undertaken simultaneously by using the wastewater from industries for irrigation purposes. In UAE, this concept has been applied comparatively well and the attempts for water management have been considered. In the search for the appropriate strategies to counter water crisis, there are a lot of demerits associated with it. Some of the crucial impacts include environmental effects during water extraction and the health of the population. Water exploitation from other sources apart from the surface and underground water involves a lot of environmental pollution. For example, water desalinization leads to environmental pollution through the waste materials released such as smoke and salt. These pollutants cause environmental degradation resulting in climate change. Climate change affects the availability of water by interfering with the precipitation level and temperatures of a region. Hence, countries would lose fresh water from the surface and underground sources. This considerably hinders other economic factors and contributes to seve re water crisis. On the analysis of the role played by nature and people, it indicates that the people have significant contribution. This is due to the uncertainty associated with nature in serving the need for water. Therefore, nature cannot be controlled. In addition, people have to adopt other varied sources of water. With the activities that people undertake, they are necessitated to look for alternative sources of fresh water to meet their needs. Some of the vital progress in countering water crisis has been desalinization and reuse. This indicates that people are the main cause of water crisis and put all their efforts to counter the effects on this perspective. As a result, the processes yield the success of engaging in water sourcing to counter the disastrous activities associated with water crisis. Another crucial demerit of water crisis entails the cost of the problem. In the process of implementing the projects for solving of water crisis, the country has spent multiple resources. Similarly, the process of addressing the problems of the water crisis has led to pollution of environment resulting in water crisis. This is because the consumption level of the UAE people is extremely high. Thus, the prevalence of water crisis has adverse effects on its major contributors who are the people. Conclusion In consideration of the effects of water crisis, most nations undertake measures to counter this vice and prevent its impacts on humanity and economic performance. At the core of the importance of clean and safe water is the consumption need. In this case, humans as well as other biodiversity are at risk of dehydration. For this reason, most nations without the adequate supply of surface water engage in considerable inputs to ensure the sustainability of sufficient water. Some of the major plans include water reuse, extraction of underground water and seawater desalinization. In UAE, the need for water supply has been constantly met through the desalinizat ion process. Despite the harmful effects such as pollution that desalinization plants have on the environment, significant volumes of water are derived through this process. The efforts employed in the process of seawater desalinization have been significant towards the realization of its sufficiency. Comparing the severity of water crisis as between the people and nature, the government of UAE has imposed regulations that ensure water preservation and its uniform distribution to all industries. Similarly, since nature plays a critical role considering that UAE is in an arid region, any precipitations that results within the year are optimally harvested to supplement other sources of water. Under the study, the world, with specification of UAE, has realized the fact that humanity contributes considerably to water crisis compared to nature. This implies, people are attributed as the main cause of water crisis. Recommendations The water crisis demands appropriate solutions considering that water is one of the vital reasons for population survival as well as the growth of economic activities. UAE, being one of the countries with high immigration rates that influence population growth, ought to address its water crisis amicably. This need has compelled the government to invest heavily in water treatment and generation. With the underground and saline water being the major sources of water, the government has invested in the extraction of clean and safe water. Regarding the underground water, the anticipation of climate change necessitates the government to counter the possible impacts of the phenomenon since most of its underground water originates from other regions. While desalinization is the largest contributor of safe and clean water, the government needs to adopt measures to counter its effects on the environment. Therefore, it needs to adopt policies that ensure that the establishment of new desalinization plants conforms to the needs of environmental conse rvation and preservation. The implementation of policies that regulate the establishment of ecologically friendly industries will facilitate the realization of this objective. Incidentally, the effects of plants on climate change would decline facilitating the continuous supply of underground water. For the growing population, there are needs to address the populationsââ¬â¢ policies and strategic water management. To counter the rapidly growing population due to high fertility rates and immigration, the government should formulate policies and strategies that will ensure the regulation of population. This will assist in controlling the population size, and the water generated would be sufficient for the general population. On the other hand, the formulation of strategic water management would guide the country into efficient water utilization. In this regard, the country would plan on the management of the water used for consumption and prevent any wastage that may occur in the c ourse of the process. Concerning economic activities such as agriculture, energy generation, and industrial usage, the adoption of proper policies is vital in order to minimize water wastage. In addition, water could be recycled in any plant that produces wastewater and facilitate the preservation of the vital resource. In this regard, the country will be able to counter the impacts of the water crisis. References Ali, F. (2010). Development of water stress index as a tool for measurement of water stress areas. International Sustainable Development, 1(1), 551. Boberg, J. (2005). Liquid assets: how demographic changes and water management policies affect freshwater resources. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp. Environmental Agency. (2010). Impact, vulnerability and Adaptation in the UAE. Climate change and the UAE, 1(1), 52. Human, D. R. (2006). Reports (1990-2011) | Global Reports | HDR 2006 | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Human Development R eports (HDR) ââ¬â United Nations Development Program (UNDP). From http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/ Jain, S., Singh, V. (2010). Water crisis. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 26(2), 2-3. Jennifer, k. (2010). Global water intelligence. International Issues, 42(1), 25-85. Landrais, E. (2010). School in Dubai make progress in reducing carbon emissions. Gulf News, 4, 56-156. Mehmet, O. (2000). Water balances in the eastern Mediterranean. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. UAE.Report (2008.). Seawater desalination leads response to global water crisis | International Desalination Association | AMEinfo.com. Middle East business financial news | business directory current events | AME Info., from https://www.ameinfo.com/ Waterbury, J. (1997). Yes, California, there is a water crisis: observations on the UN water conference. Hanover, NH: American Universities Field Staff. World Bank Report. (2007). Making the most of security: Accounting for better water management: Results in middle East. World Bank Reports, 5(1), 146. World, Bank Report (2010). Regional Desalinization study for the Middle East. World Bank Reports, 1(1), 13. This research paper on Water Crisis in UAE was written and submitted by user Adalyn Briggs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-26708473501134991662020-03-20T03:14:00.001-07:002020-03-20T03:14:03.128-07:00Free Essays on A Character Analysis Of Elizabeth BennettA Character Analysis of Elizabeth Bennet By: Megan Songer Throughout Jane Austenââ¬â¢s novel Pride and Prejudice , there are many references to the unusual character of Elizabeth Bennet ; she is seen to be an atypical female during those times. Wit , bravery , independence , and feminist views all describe a most extraordinary model for women. Pride and Prejudice is a humorous novel about the trials of marrying well in the early eighteenth century. It focuses mainly on the actions of two couples ââ¬â Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy and Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley. Elizabeth Bennet is a vibrant, headstrong young woman who is not too keen on the idea of marriage , whereas Mr. Darcy is an egotistical and proud man who improves on closer acquaintance. Mr. Bingley is Mr. Darcyââ¬â¢s closest confidante and is a very good man who is easily persuaded. Jane Bennet is the eldest of the Bennet daughters who is closest to Elizabeth and is also a very good-natured person. All of these characteristics play off of one another throughout the cours e of events to create many interesting situations. Jane Austen was the daughter of a minister in a small English town. Her observations about irony and hypocrisy in English society drove her to write many stories of such things especially marriage as that was a prime example of such traits. She herself never married. Elizabeth Bennetââ¬â¢s wit is both humorous and intelligent. There are repeated instances within the story in which she proves her cleverness and liveliness. Joel Weinsheimer believes that ââ¬Å" Elizabeth demonstrates her intelligence by acknowledging that marriage does not always bring happinessâ⬠( 16 ) . This would have been a big step for a woman living in a society in which the sole purpose of that particular gender was to marry well. She also had daily proof of how marriage might not bring happiness in her own parentââ¬â¢s relationship. She sees their shortcomings as husband and wife and sees the... Free Essays on A Character Analysis Of Elizabeth Bennett Free Essays on A Character Analysis Of Elizabeth Bennett A Character Analysis of Elizabeth Bennet By: Megan Songer Throughout Jane Austenââ¬â¢s novel Pride and Prejudice , there are many references to the unusual character of Elizabeth Bennet ; she is seen to be an atypical female during those times. Wit , bravery , independence , and feminist views all describe a most extraordinary model for women. Pride and Prejudice is a humorous novel about the trials of marrying well in the early eighteenth century. It focuses mainly on the actions of two couples ââ¬â Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy and Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley. Elizabeth Bennet is a vibrant, headstrong young woman who is not too keen on the idea of marriage , whereas Mr. Darcy is an egotistical and proud man who improves on closer acquaintance. Mr. Bingley is Mr. Darcyââ¬â¢s closest confidante and is a very good man who is easily persuaded. Jane Bennet is the eldest of the Bennet daughters who is closest to Elizabeth and is also a very good-natured person. All of these characteristics play off of one another throughout the cours e of events to create many interesting situations. Jane Austen was the daughter of a minister in a small English town. Her observations about irony and hypocrisy in English society drove her to write many stories of such things especially marriage as that was a prime example of such traits. She herself never married. Elizabeth Bennetââ¬â¢s wit is both humorous and intelligent. There are repeated instances within the story in which she proves her cleverness and liveliness. Joel Weinsheimer believes that ââ¬Å" Elizabeth demonstrates her intelligence by acknowledging that marriage does not always bring happinessâ⬠( 16 ) . This would have been a big step for a woman living in a society in which the sole purpose of that particular gender was to marry well. She also had daily proof of how marriage might not bring happiness in her own parentââ¬â¢s relationship. She sees their shortcomings as husband and wife and sees the... lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-77482443202956889762020-03-03T18:59:00.001-08:002020-03-03T18:59:02.945-08:00Womanhouse, CalArts 1970s Feminist Art CollaborationWomanhouse, CalArts 1970s Feminist Art Collaboration Womanhouse was an art experiment that addressed the experiences of women. Twenty-one art students refurbished an abandoned house in Los Angeles and turned it into a provocative 1972 exhibit. Womanhouse received national media attention and introduced the public to the idea of Feminist Art. The students came from the new Feminist Art Program at the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). They were led by Judy Chicagoà and Miriam Schapiro. Paula Harper, an art historian who also taught at CalArts, suggested the idea to create a collaborative art installation in a house. The purpose was more than just to showcase womens art or art about women.à The purpose, according to Linda Nochlins bok on Miriam Schapiro, toà help womenà restructure their personalities to be more consistent with their desires to beà artists and to help them build their art making out of their experiences asà women. One inspiration was Judy Chicagos discovery that a womans building had been part of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The building was designed by a woman architect, and many art works, including one by Mary Cassatt, were featured there. The House The abandoned house in the urban Hollywood area was condemned by the city of Los Angeles. The Womanhouse artists were able to postpone the destruction until after their project. The students devoted enormous amounts of their time in late 1971 to refurbishing the house, which had broken windows and no heat. They struggled with repairs, construction, tools, and cleaning out the rooms that would later house their art exhibits. The Art Exhibits Womanhouse was opened to the public in January and February of 1972, gaining a national audience. Each area of the house featured a different work of art.à ââ¬Å"Bridal Staircase,â⬠by Kathy Huberland, showed a mannequin bride on the stairs. Her long bridal train led to the kitchen and became progressively grayer and dingier along its length. One of the most famous and memorable exhibits was Judy Chicagoââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Menstruation Bathroom.â⬠The display was a white bathroom with a shelf of feminine hygiene products in boxes and a trash can full of used feminine hygiene products, the red blood striking against the white background. Judy Chicago said that however women felt about their own menstruation would be how they felt seeing it depicted in front of them. Performance Art There were also performance art pieces at Womanhouse, initially done for an all-female audience and later opened to male audiences as well. One exploration of menââ¬â¢s and womenââ¬â¢s roles featured actors playing ââ¬Å"Heâ⬠and ââ¬Å"She,â⬠who were visually depicted as male and female genitalia. In ââ¬Å"Birth Trilogy,â⬠performers crawled through a ââ¬Å"birth canalâ⬠tunnel made of the legs of other women. The piece was compared to a Wiccan ceremony. The Womanhouse Group Dynamic The Cal-Arts students were guided by Judy Chicago and Miriam Schapiro to use consciousness-raising and self-examination as processes that preceded making the art. Although it was a collaborative space, there were disagreements about power and leadership within the group. Some of the students, who also had to work at their paying jobs before coming to labor at the abandoned house, thought that Womanhouse required too much of their devotion and left them no time for anything else. Judy Chicago and Miriam Schapiro themselves disagreed about how closely Womanhouse should be tied to the CalArts program. Judy Chicago said things were good and positive when they were at Womanhouse, but became negative once they were back on the CalArts campus, in the male-dominated art institution. Filmmaker Johannaà Demetrakas made a documentary film called Womanhouse about the feminist art event. The 1974 film includes the performance art pieces as well as reflections by the participants. The Women The two primary movers behind Womanhouse were Judy Chicago and Miriam Shapiro. Judy Chicago, who changed her name to that from Judy Gerowitz in 1970, was one of the major figures in Womanhouse. She was in California to establish a Feminist Art Program at Fresno State College. Her husband, Lloyd Hamrol, was also teaching at Cal Arts. Miriam Shapiro was in California at that time, having originally moved to California when her husband Paul Brach was appointed dean at Cal Arts. He accepted the appointment only if Shapiro would also become a faculty member.à She brought her interest in feminism to the project. A few of the other women involved included: Faith WildingBeth BachenheimerKaren LeCocqRobbin Schiff Edited and updated with content addedââ¬â¹ by Jone Johnson Lewis. lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-56250518406450935842020-02-16T10:26:00.001-08:002020-02-16T10:26:02.640-08:00Answer case study questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsAnswer questions - Case Study Example The other team will be responsible for the development of Regional Information System Modules, sketched out centrally to digitize all processes of AgCredit. The project selection process should be done in-house, however the project should be selected and implemented by more competent manager as the limited technical expertise of Paul Manley will not do for project of enterprise scale. SOA is a strong case but the Manley has a personal stack involved in it as he want to be at the helm of affairs himself despite his limited capacities to run a project of enterprise scale. However he can make the case of SOA if the pilot project he has suggested to Schader is completed satisfactorily. A full scale IT Directorate with regional IT Centers is indispensable for AgCredit to launch their future business vision while automating and integrating their existing disrupted Information Systems. A team of highly professional network managers and developers is required to handle the case of an enterprise level network environment and a totally integrated software solution to address all existing issues with business process automation. The most important aspect is to resolve the issues with manning the IT Infrastructure with the principal of right man at the right place. Specially, Manley as the head of IT is a misfit for future IT vision and implementation of a highly available, scalable and efficient enterprise software lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-41369345331199717462020-02-02T19:33:00.001-08:002020-02-02T19:33:01.911-08:00Tower Bible and Tract Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsTower Bible and Tract Society - Research Paper Example The physician Luke has generally been credited with writing this account. From as early as the second century C.E. there is written evidence in the Muratorian Fragment, the oldest known list of New Testament books, that this gospel is being attributed to Luke. Certain aspects of this gospel may also be viewed as pointing to a well-educated physician as its writer. The vocabulary found therein is more extensive than that of the other three gospels - Matthew, Mark, and Acts. At times the descriptions of afflictions healed by Jesus are more specific than in the other accounts. It was evident before writing the book of Acts that Luke completed his Gospel. Since he had accompanied Paul to Jerusalem at the end of the apostleââ¬â¢s third missionary journey, he would have been in a good position to trace accurately the things pertaining to Jesus Christ in the very land where the son of God had carried out his activity. Following Paulââ¬â¢s arrest at Jerusalem, and during Paulââ¬â¢s later imprisonment in Caesarea, Luke would have had many opportunities to interview eyewitnesses and to consult written records. So, it is reasonable to conclude that the gospel may have written at Caesarea sometimes during Paulââ¬â¢s confinement there for about two years (56-58 C.E.). à The scripture passage found at Luke 11:1-13 was an event wherein Jesus was with his twelve disciples. While Jesus was praying, one of his disciples approached him and asked to teach them how to pray. Jesus taught them the model prayer or the Lordââ¬â¢s Prayer found at Luke 11:2-4. lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-10142847679358312332020-01-25T15:57:00.001-08:002020-01-25T15:57:07.817-08:00The Cold War: Effect on Political DiscourseThe Cold War: Effect on Political Discourse With the end of the Cold war in 1989, has there been more openness in the discourse of deterrence or in warring words? Introduction The Cold War has been described as a nearly fifty-year war of words and wills, (Maus, 2003: 13). It was a period during which most individuals lived in constant fear that the bomb would be dropped, effectively obliterating life as we know it. Direct combat itself was a very small part of this war: The Cold War, fought with national ideologies, economic posturing and infinite defense budgets, festered without any combat or mass casualties (at least among the superpowers) throughout the latter half of the 20th century before finally coming to a head in the mid-80s (Hooten n.d.). When the Cold War finally came to its ultimate end, the words of war shifted in meaning. Warring words continued to be part of the popular vocabulary, but their connotations had changed, and their definitions shifted. The discourse of deterrence faded away, as there was no longer a need for it. This paper will discuss the ways in which the Cold War has affected not only the history of the world, but also the hi story of the words that changed along with it. The Words of War The language we use to describe the things we do is a significant reflection of who we are at a given time in the culture. Communication is an essential tool for human beings, as we are highly social creatures by nature. The need to communicate is an integral part of our composition. However, in the course of transferring information to one another, there is always a margin of error. This means that miscommunication is bound to occur. According to Coupland, Wiemann, and Giles, language use and communication are in fact pervasively and even intrinsically flawed, partial and problematic (1991: 3). Because communication is so important to humans as a species, it is only natural that miscommunication brings with it some sort of consequence. This is a universal concept, and it affects all of us on a very basic level. As Banks, Ge, and Baker assert, ones theoretical orientation is of no importance in this respect: A key sense of miscommunication, however, regardless of ones theoretical orientation, is something gone awry communicatively that has social consequences for the interactants; without social consequences, the phenomenon would be of trivial interest (1991: 105). As a result, conflict is inevitable in society, and a worst-case scenario of conflict is, of course war. War is more than a militaristic action that is played out with bullets and bombs as tools. Words, too, are very much a part of any war effort, and they can be very powerful as weapons. The Cold War has been described as a nearly fifty-year war of words and wills, as both sides aggressively tried to promote and protect their respective ideologies at home and abroad while always remaining aware of the repercussions of pushing the limits too far (Maus, 2003: 13). How did this war of words manage to continue for so long without reaching the stage of physical combat? One perspective on this is offered by Grimshaw, who asserts that so long as conflict talk is sustained (i.e., if participants do not withdraw) it does not seem to be the case that hostility (ââ¬Ëuglinessââ¬â¢) will increase without some concomitant increase in intensity (1990: 295). During the nearly fifty years duration of the Cold War, neither opponent was willing to back down, yet neither one was willing to plunge into what might turn into a major war with dire, irreversible consequences. It was primarily a war fought with words and bravado, a dramatic opus played on an international stage. In fact, the Cold War was fought with national ideologies, economic posturing and infinite defense budgets, festered without any combat or mass casualties (Hooten, n.d.). This is in keeping with Grimshaws assertion that, although disagreements can reach high levels of emotional upheaval, they do not necessarily have to result in physical interaction. Friendly disputes can get quite ââ¬Ëhotââ¬â¢; at least to some point they can apparently increase in intensity without the occurrence of hostilityââ¬â¢ (Grimshaw, 1990: 295). The ever-present fear of nuclear obliteration may have had a great deal to do with this abeyance of action. Much of the world was still numbed by the disastrous tragedy that this power had wrought in the past, and there was great consternation at the thought of reaching a level of conflict that would require use of it again. Therefore, the Cold War remained a war of words. Words, of course, are more than mere utterances. We communicate a great about ourselves when we use themââ¬âmore than the actual message we are seeking to convey at any given time. As Halliday explains, ââ¬Ëin all languages, words, sounds and structures tend to become charged with social value (1978: 166). In states of conflict, Halliday asserts that individuals tend to develop a code of words that not only reflects that conflict, but also helps the individual to come to terms with it on some level. He refers to this code of words as an antilanguage, and he asserts that it is to be expected that, in the antilanguage, the social values will be more clearly foregroundedââ¬â¢ (Halliday, 1978: 166). Since the purpose of an antilanguage is to give individuals an alternative reality that is acceptable to them, the theory may be applied to the language of the Cold War. Living with the constant threat of nuclear war is an unbearable state of mind for most individuals; therefore, they must create a world that is more livable to them. This concept is echoed in the writings of Lemert and Branaman, who assert that: ââ¬ËWhatever his position in society, the person insulates himself by blindnesses, half-truths, illusions, and rationalizations. He makes an ââ¬Å"adjustmentâ⬠by convincing himself, with the tactful support of his intimate circle, that he is what he wants to be and that he would not do to gain his ends what the others have done to gain theirsââ¬â¢ (1997: 109). Hence, the development of this different worldview is basically a survival mechanism during a time of great uncertainty and turmoil. The widely respected historian Hobsbawm has explained that generations grew up under the shadow of global nuclear battles which, it was widely believed, could break out any moment, and devastate humanity (1996: 194). The fear that this knowledge brought to individuals naturally affected them on a very deep level. Through the use of an antilanguage, they were able to go on with the activities of daily life by designing a safe cocoon of illusory safety in which they could feelââ¬âor pretend to feelââ¬âsafe. As Halliday puts it, a social dialect is the embodiment of a mildly but distinctly different worldviewââ¬âone which is therefore potentially threatening, if it does not coincide with oneââ¬â¢s ownââ¬â¢ (1978: 179). Post-Cold War Language When the five decades of decades of this war came to an end in 1989, the attitudes in place in society necessarily underwent a change, and that change was reflected in the language used as well. The fall of communism in Europe, combined with the end of the Cold War, were enough to bring new hope to the people of the United States. According to Mason, the vicious circle of threats and distrust was replaced by a new spiral of trust and reassurance (1992: 187). In this mostly positive atmosphere, the constant threat of nuclear attack abated, and people were able to breathe more easily. The words of war lost the impact they once had. As Hooten has explained, the words of war were tinged with fear, helplessness, and frustration throughout the years of the Cold War. After it ended, the words did not disappear from the language, but began to take on new connotations The words of war were once the moral and emotional defense of the nation, corresponding with the real memories and motivations of an embattled citizenry, asserts Hooten. After 1989, as images of war receded from the American psyche, the language of war invaded the common lexicon of America (Hooten, n.d.). Examples of this are ubiquitous, and have become so common that we are often barely conscious of it. For example, words such as defend and bomb, which were once tainted by the association with war, have taken on new and less menacing uses. During the second half of the twentieth century, people may have felt a constant need to be ready to defend themselves in case of nuclear attack. Post-Cold War use of this word became something different: a politician may defend his platform. The constant concern and ever-present worry about dropping the bomb during the Cold War era has resulted in a transformation of this word as well: Consider again the numerous, non-militant ways in which the word bomb is used: ââ¬Å"Frat brothers get bombed on a Saturday night.â⬠ââ¬Å"Your new car is ââ¬Ëda bomb.â⬠ââ¬Å"Did you see that comedian bomb on Letterman last night?â⬠ââ¬Å"The quarterback threw a long bomb to win the game (Hooten, n.d.). Conclusion Language has changed since the nearly fifty years of the Cold War era. Notice, for example, the language of Reagans Star Wars Speech, which was delivered on March 23, 1983: Deterrence means simply this: making sure any adversary who thinks about attacking the United States, or our allies, or our vital interests, concludes that the risks to him outweigh any potential gains (1983: 250). In contemporary times, deterrence can mean many things, most of which do not pertain to war at all. In a similar vein, many of the violent definitions associated with warring words have fallen out of use. These words have become part of the common lexicon, used to describe the quotidian events of daily life without any sense of impending doom. Words such as battle, bomb, defend, and massacre, have lost the potency they held during the years of the Cold War. They have taken on new, less menacing definitions and uses. Language is an integral part of the human experience. The language we use to describe the things we do is a significant reflection of who we are at a given time in the culture. Because we are highly social by nature, communication is vitally important as a tool for human beings. The need to communicate is an integral part of our composition. However, as noted earlier, in the course of transferring information to one another, there is always a margin of error. This means that miscommunication is bound to occur. Consequently, for miscommunication to have impact, it is not likely to be a perturbation of smooth performance that is repaired in the current interaction (Banks, Ge and Baker 1991: 105). References Coupland, N., Giles, H., and Wiemann, J.M. (Eds.). 1991. Miscommunication and Problematic Talk London: Sage. Banks, Stephen P., Ge, Gao, Baker, Joyce. 1991. Intercultural Encounters and Miscommunication. In: Coupland, N., Giles, H., and Wiemann, J.M. (Eds.) Miscommunication and Problematic Talk. London: Sage, 103ââ¬â120. Grimshaw, Allen. 1990. ââ¬ËResearch on conflict talk: antecedents, resources, findings, directionsââ¬â¢. A. Grimshaw (ed.), Conflict talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments in conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 280ââ¬â324. Gumperz, John and Jenny Cook-Gumperz. 1982. ââ¬ËIntroduction: language and the communication of social identity. Pp. 1ââ¬â21 in Gumperz, John, ed. 1982. Language and social identity. London: Cambridge University Press. Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold Publishers. Hobsbawm, Eric. 1996. The Cold War Was a Relatively Stable Peace. Pp. 193ââ¬â198 inà 191 in Maus, Derek, ed. 2003, The Cold War. London: Greenhaven Press. Hooten, Jon. n.d. Fighting Words: The War Over Language.à Retrieved January 13, 2006, fromà http://www.poppolitics.com/articles/printerfriendly/2002-09-10-warlanguage.shtml Lemert, Charles and Branaman, Ann, eds. 1997. The Goffman Reader. Oxford: Blackwell. Mason, David. 1992. The Last Years of the Soviet Union. Pp. 179ââ¬â191 in Maus, Derek, ed. 2003, The Cold War. London: Greenhaven Press. Maus, Derek, ed. 2003. The Cold War. London: Greenhaven Press. Reagan, Ronald, 1983. The Star Wars Speech. Document 22 in Maus, Derek, ed. 2003, The Cold War. London: Greenhaven Press. lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-74764126739567430262020-01-17T12:21:00.001-08:002020-01-17T12:21:03.348-08:00How to Be a Good MuslimGarrett Waidelich October 8, 2012 Islamic Civilization Dr. McGrath How to be a Good Muslim In the Quran and the Hadith of Bukhari there are many descriptions of what it takes to be a good Muslim. God gives very specific details to Muhammad about what Muslims need to do and what they canââ¬â¢t do if they want to get to paradise. The five pillars of Islam created a base for Muslims to follow in order to be a good Muslim. The five pillars are that there is no god but God, to offer prayer, to give charity, perform the hajj and to fast during Ramadan (HB 1: 7).The Muslims that follow the five pillars and follow Muhammadââ¬â¢s teachings will reach paradise. The first pillar is to accept that God is the only god and that he is the only one worthy of being worshiped (HB 1: 7, 25, 50, 63, 2: 594, Q 2: 176). This first pillar is very important in Islam because Islam is based around the idea of submitting to God and being Godââ¬â¢s slave. God is the most powerful being that there is an d he created the Earth and all its inhabitants (Q 2: 163). God also hears and knows everything, including peopleââ¬â¢s thoughts and intentions (Q 2: 180).This pillar is so important because God is all powerful, righteous, and merciful. Disobeying this pillar is a terrible deed and Muhammad also said that the worst sin is to worship another god (Q 2: 190, HB 3: 821). The second pillar is to offer prayer perfectly five times a day. There are a lot of rules about how to pray and things that must be done for prayer to count as a good deed. Because God knows and hears all, a Muslim must be completely focused on God while they are praying and not be distracted by other things (HB 2: 307, 4: 504).Muslims are supposed to pray five times a day at specified times (HB 3: 115). Prayer is also better when it is done consistently instead of praying for a long time and then not praying again until the next week (Quran 23: 5, HB 1: 41). Muslims should not get drunk and especially should not pray while drunk (HB 1: 50). Cleanliness is also important when praying. It is good to clean your teeth before prayer and when women menstruate it is considered unclean and they should not pray (HB 2: 12, 1: 247, 1: 817, 3: 172, Quran 2: 222).Men are also not supposed to pray or be around women when the woman is menstruating (Quran 2: 222). Women were also told not to watch men pray because the sheets they wore were short and showed their private areas (HB 2: 306). Prayer is also considered better, 27 times better, when done in congregation than alone (HB 1: 618). Prayer also can reduce the bad deeds that a Muslim might commit, for example a man came to Muhammad and said he had kissed a woman unlawfully and Muhammad told him to pray and the prayer would remove the bad deed (HB 1: 504).Praying to please God and not to impress other people also will lead to all of your past sins to be forgiven (HB 1: 34). Charity is also a very important part of Islam. There are many different references to charity from Zakat, to the alms levy, to giving to the poor. It is considered a god deed to help the poor and it is required to give Zakat. Muhammad says that giving Zakat is one of the best deeds that a Muslim can do (HB 1: 7, 25, 50, 54, 502).Not only is paying Zakat a good deed but also giving to charity and helping the poor is a good deed (HB 1: 11, 27). There is a charity that can be given every day, called Sadaqa, and this charity consists of doing good deeds (4: 232). These good deeds count as the charity. Muhammad told a woman that giving the alms levy is especially important for women because a majority of the people in hell were women (HB 1: 301). Helping orphans, beggars, travelers, and anyone in need is considered a good deed (Quran 2: 215, 2: 177).Giving to help people in need has many benefits for Muslims. When a woman gives charity from her husbandââ¬â¢s belongings without hurting his belongings, both the woman and her husband will be rewarded (HB 2: 518, 520, 5 21). While giving to charity is a good deed it is bad for someone to hoard their wealth and money for their personal benefit and can lead to punishment from God (HB 2: 513, 514, 515). If a person does keep all of his money instead of spending it in Godââ¬â¢s cause, God will withhold his blessings from that person (HB 2: 513, 514, 515).Another form of charity is buying the freedom of a slave, or setting your own slave free. Freeing a slave can remove the worst of bad deeds including killing someone or breaking your oath (Quran 4: 92, 5: 88). It is good to pay for the rest of the freedom of a slave if you own a part of the slave and partially free him (HB 3: 672). Performing the Hajj at least one time during a Muslims life is another pillar of Islam. Hajj is the pilgrimage from Medina to Mecca that occurs every year in the last month of the Islamic calendar.Hajj is to be made during the specified months, and while on the hajj a man should not have sexual intercourse, should not swe ar, or get into disputes while on the pilgrimage (2: 197). If someone is ill or too weak to perform hajj, someone else can make the pilgrimage on their behalf, with the ill person receiving the reward (HB 2: 589). Muhammad also tells women that instead of participating in Jihad, a womenââ¬â¢s Jihad is performing the hajj (HB 4: 43, 127). The final pillar is fasting. Fasting is best when it is done three days a month and during the whole month of Ramadan (HB 2: 274).When someone is ill or on a journey, they can fast the same number of days later when they return or when they are healthy again (Quran 2: 183). It is also possible to substitute feeding a poor person instead of fasting if a person is unable to fast, but fasting is the better of the two (Quran 2: 183). During fasting, you are allowed to eat and have sexual relations at night when the sun is down (HB 3: 139). Women that are menstruating when they fast do not get the rewards because they are considered unclean (HB 3: 172 ).The five pillars are the basis for Muslim actions that will get them into paradise, but there are also a few other things that make a Muslim good. Jihad is another very important thing for a Muslim to participate in and there are many benefits to Jihad. The Quran states that everyone has an obligation to take part in Jihad, but they should never be the aggressor (Quran 2: 216, 2: 190). Fighting for Godââ¬â¢s cause is basically fighting to defend Islam and to make it superior to all other beliefs (Quran 1: 125, 22: 78). Jihad has many rewards for Muslims that participate in it.Some of these rewards are booty that is taken if you survive and for the martyr a place in heaven right beneath God (HB 4: 48). If a Muslim did not want to fight, Muhammad said that to equal the good deeds of Jihad that person would have to fast and pray during the entire time the soldiers were on Jihad (HB 4: 44). This would be impossible and enforces the idea that Muslims that participate in Jihad are co nsidered better than those that donââ¬â¢t, unless someone is injured and unable to (HB 4: 84). Women were not supposed to participate in Jihad but instead their Jihad was the hajj (HB 4: 127).Although womenââ¬â¢s Jihad was hajj there are numerous stories of Aisha and other women helping the wounded and watering the soldiers during battles (HB 4: 130, 131, 132, 133, 134). Muslims are given very specific directions and helpful tips to be good Muslims. If Muslims accept and admit that God is the only God, pray, offer charity, make the pilgrimage, fast, and do other good deeds they will be considered good Muslims and will get into paradise on Judgment day. Doing good deeds also wipes away or cancels out bad deeds and will also help Muslims be better people and increase their chances of getting into paradise. lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-48500075731672028192020-01-09T08:44:00.001-08:002020-01-09T08:44:03.859-08:00Tragic Heroes, Joe and Chris Keller, Portrayed in All My Sons A tragic hero can be defined by several different factors; the hero usually has a major flaw that prevents him from seeing the truth that lies in front of him, which contributes to the characterââ¬â¢s peripeteia due to mistaken judgement. This mistake then leads to achieving anagnorisis, usually at the end of the play, but is too late to change anything, and results in death. Both Joe and Chris Keller constitute as being tragic characters of All My Sons because they both make very tragic mistakes and are driven by the disastrous events that begin before the play. Joe Keller can be described as being tragic because his whole life was dedicated to his family and their well being but all his plans were undone by one fatally flawedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In contrast to Joe, a key theme of Chrisââ¬â¢ mistake was guilt, as he felt a ââ¬Ëresponsibilityââ¬â¢ when he returned from the war alive, which led him to want to believe the best in Joe. Arthur Miller chooses to use ââ¬Ëkilledââ¬â¢ when Chris tells Ann about his ââ¬Ëmenââ¬â¢, because it creates the idea that it was meant to be, and was the ultimate example of altruism, which reflects Chrisââ¬â¢ feelings of guilt when he returns home. Joeââ¬â¢s peripeteia is linked with the swift arrival of George, who infiltrates the certainty of the ââ¬Ëholy familyââ¬â¢, that Steve was entirely at fault for the cylinder heads. George imminently wants to confront Joe, and this indicates that Joeââ¬â¢s fortune may be shifting, which is shown through Joeââ¬â¢s sudden mood change to ââ¬Ëhopeless furyââ¬â¢ when he hears of Georgeââ¬â¢s arrival. Joeââ¬â¢s fortune is altered by Kateââ¬â¢s slip-up when talking to George about Joe; ââ¬ËHe hasnââ¬â¢t been laid up in fifteen yearsââ¬â¢, this then prompts George to raise questions, leading to Joeââ¬â¢s downfall. George is also a factor in Chrisââ¬â¢ peripeteia, which leads to Chris conforming to a realistic out look on life, rather than the idealistic. 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This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-26007341919719932172020-01-01T05:10:00.001-08:002020-01-01T05:10:03.345-08:00How to Attract Beneficial Insects to Your Garden lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-30291556447624776242019-12-24T00:56:00.001-08:002019-12-24T00:56:02.352-08:00Jet Lag And Its Effect On Pilot Performance - 1634 Words Jet Lag and Its Effect on Pilot Performance Jet lag is a lack of well-being experienced after long distance air travel, and is a form of fatigue that is mainly caused by a disrupted or displaced Circadian rhythm or ââ¬Å"body clockâ⬠. (Factsheet) (Health1). 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Students Actions: Participate lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-69947757798547792332019-12-15T21:25:00.001-08:002019-12-15T21:25:05.305-08:00What is Medical Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology Free Essays Radiology diagnostic imaging is an important tool for appropriate therapy planning and for clinical diagnosis of diseases. However, in recent years, there has been an increase of requests require diagnosis by radiation (Siciliano, 2017). So, as the use of radiation increase and become very important in evaluate and diagnose pathology, it become essentially importance to focus on its risks, especially in pediatric. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Medical Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In young personââ¬â¢s, exposure to ionizing radiation must kept low as can as possible, because their tissues are highly radiosensitive. In this age radiation induce risks is relatively high as tissues mitosis rates are high. As a result, it is fundamentally more vulnerable to damage than inactive tissues, it cause DNA metabolism damaged by radiation. The radiation risk is therefore highest in infancy and early childhood. Children, who have many years left to live (life expectancy), are more likely than adults to develop radiation-induced cancer; also, as future parents, they are at risk for passing on radiation-induced genetic defects to the next generation. (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011). For these reasons, whenever possible, radiological studies on children should replace by other imaging modality that does not involve radiation such as, magnetic resonance or ultrasound imaging. Pediatric conventional X-rays and computerized tomography (CT) require special examining protocols and techniques sets by the radiology department that are suitable to the patientââ¬â¢s age and to the indication for the study in order to prevent the patient from unnecessary dose (Siciliano, 2017). This article is to discuss the principles of radiation protection for pediatric in general radiography, components of equipment using in the plain radiograph and itââ¬â¢s function in lowering radiation dose in pediatric patient, the role of radiographer, technical and radiation exposure consideration in this issue with clinical example to evaluate the radiation dose for some common pediatric x-ray examination performed by digital radiography system. Body The attention of the medical communities and scientific has greatly focused on the biological effects of ionizing radiations and, in general, on the radiation protection. The purpose of these studies is to provide protection and health for persons who are subjected to radiation exposure especially for pediatric patient (Siciliano, 2017. ââ¬Å"searches estimated that exposure to radiation in the first ten years of life induces a risk two to three times higher than exposures incurred between thirty and forty years of ageâ⬠( Siciliano, 2017 pp.134) . In particular, the pediatric patient in this age they are still growing so ,they are more radiosensitive than an adult (and having a longer life expectancy), therefore, ââ¬Å"the probability of health effects by IR in a child is three times greater than that of an adultâ⬠(Siciliano,2017) . A childââ¬â¢s body differ in some respects from adultââ¬â¢s body. Actually, pediatric body is short and wide in contrary, to the adult body which is long and less broad. If the trunk of small childââ¬â¢s body is X-rayed, the shape of the body make it difficult to avoid non-require part from irradiate thatââ¬â¢s because the larger areas of the body lie within the radiation field and are consequently, more affected by scattered radiation. (Alzen and Benz-Bohm ,2011) . That is mean for example if trunk is x-rayed, other parts like extremities will be affected by scatter radiation. Tissue, which is at high risk of damage by radiation such as hematopoietic bone marrow, differ in location between adults and infants. ââ¬Å"In adults, 74% (spine, ribs, and pelvis) is located in the trunk, and only 9% in the extremities. In infants, 29% is located in the trunk and 35% in the extremitiesâ⬠(Alzen and Benz-Bohm ,2011.pp.408). This indicates that child hematopoietic bone marrow distributes widely in all parts of the body. That is why we must to reduce the dose to the pediatric patient. The use of radiation in pediatric radiology must be minimize as can as possible in order to protect child patient form radiation induce risk or try to lower the radiation dose by following certain criteria in pediatric imaging particularly in examinations that require more radiation and more than one projection such as skeletal survey. Equipment use in general radiography: Equipment that carry general examinations have an essential role in reducing the dose to the young patients. Most digital radiography (DR) now are sufficient in lowering patient radiation dose compared to screen-film radiography and previous used equipment but reverse is also possible (uffmann, 2009). Because the modern DR system have detectors with higher detective quantum efficiency (CsI:TI/a-Si DR detectors )it become able to improve image quality with less radiation dose(Knight,2014). This system use technique of raising the KVP and lowering the mAs which responsible to the radiation dose (Knight,2014) . This fact make it perfect to use in pediatric radiography. However, in digital system blackening of film at higher dose not exist in the radiograph as this will lead to unnoticed increase in dose over time when using digital system with manual tube sitting(uffmann, 2009). To overcome this problem, the radiographer can manipulate exposure factor and select it carefully without affecting the image quality (Knight,2014). The radiographer have an important role in lowering radiation dose and provide radiation safety to the pediatric patients using several methods and techniques for maximum protection while obtaining optimum diagnostic image. Wearing colorful uniforms to gain child trust and make them cooperative (Sulieman,2015) . Obtain good position by positioning the patient correctly in close contact with the cassata to prevent scatter radiation and repetition (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011). Use the infant holder rather than let someone to hold and give unnecessary radiation to that person (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011). Adjust optimum exposure factor. Using of immobilization device will avoid movement and repetition of image. Apply gonad protection will lead to reduce the dose absorbed by testicular by up to 95%. Protecting ovaries will lower the dose up to 50% (Sulieman,2015) Preparing the patient perfectly to avoid any appearance of artifact in the image which will cause to repeat the image and consequently increasing the dose. There is a lot of consideration and techniques must be follow to lower the radiation dose to young patient. ALARA principle (as low as reasonably achievable) is an important techniques to achieve the optimum dose for an X-ray examination in pediatric radiography while obtaining good image quality. Firstly, should to consider in tube voltage use for each examination. As the result of smaller and thinner body of children than adult then the dose deliver to the child must be lower (Alzen and Benz-Bohm,2011). The American Society of Radiologic Technologists(ASRT)white paper says ââ¬Å"using the highest kVp with the lowest amount of mAs is needed to provide an adequate exposure to the image receptor and therefore decrease amount of attenuation and dose to the patient is the best technique for pediatric in digital imagingâ⬠(Stephen,2014) . In addition, the authorsââ¬â¢ research has shown that using an additional tube filter of 1mm aluminum (Al) and 0.1 to 0.2 mm copper (Cu) for pediatric radiography will result in decreasing the surface dose by half. Also using proper collimation help to minimize primary and scatter radiation. Karami.et.al,(2016) focused on the essential role of increasing the X-ray focus to film distance (FFD) in lowering the radiation dose to the chest in general pediatric radiography. Study shown that is increasing FFD from 100 cm to 130 cm its effective to reduce patient radiation dose. Specifically, following special technique when imaging chest x-ray in pediatric is very important. The breast tissue in this age is very sensitive to the ionizing radiation. Therefore, a PA chest technique is favorable if the patient is cooperate and can perform it (Sulieman,2015). This to prevent this sensitive tissue from primary beam. . Table 1. Briefly, demonstrate the techniques of pediatric patient protection in plain film radiography. This case study was done in SQU Hospital for 7 months old male patient come to the department for skeletal survey. He has skeletal abnormality from birth. Doctor requested to do AP and lateral skull, AP chest, AP spine, AP pelvic, AP full lower limb, AP feet, AP both upper extremities, PA both hands. There was absence of right hand and forearm and meromelia ââ¬Å"which is a partial absence of part of the limbsâ⬠(Nayak S et al.2016,pp pp106-108) of right upper limb with normal appearance of right humerus, right humerus is slightly smaller compared to left humerus. As many projection was done I compared the radiation dose (DAP) given for some part with the standard dose should give to the pediatric patient in plain radiograph a according to diagram below. In AP skull the patient get 1.41 dGy cm2 (14.1à µGy.m2) and for lateral skull 0.400 dGy cm2 (4 à µGy.m2). Dose considered high in AP skull compared to the standard, this due improper selection of exposure factor. In contrary, lateral skull dose its optimum. Also an image for humerus was repeated and expose patient again due to poor immobilization and movement of the patient that cause increased dose to the patient. In conclusion, protecting child from radiation is necessary for many reasons; the most important one is because of their tissue sensitivity as they still in growth stage and does not mature yet. As result they will be more vulnerable to radiation induce risk and the radiation effect noticeble more in them. Pediatric group are more likely than other age group of society to be irradiated for several reasons, one of them is that, child in this age become sick or get disease easily therefore, they need sometimes for x-ray for accurate diagnosis. Researchers and those who are interested in radiology done many studies in this topic and they found that, there is many methods and ways to reduce dose to the pediatric patient some of this ways come with the machine and some based on radiographers. For example reducing exposure factors, use gonad protection, immobilization device in addition to perform spatial techniques in imaging pediatric patient. How to cite What is Medical Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology?, Papers lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-44490621071579718012019-12-07T18:09:00.001-08:002019-12-07T18:09:04.879-08:00Sex education in high school Essay Example For Students Sex education in high school Essay During high school years our minds have the greatest development. And whatever we have learned in high school we uses that knowledge to help us move on through college. At the high school age teenagers experiments different changes in their minds, bodies. A sometimes question comes up that at what age children should know about the sex. To the answer to that question is I believe at the age of 13-14 children and High School kids. High school should be teaching teenagers about different aspects of life, especially sex. A majority student does not get any sex education at home. Usually parents just ignore or avoid this kind of discussion or topic. So, that is why high school should teach students about sex. Since parents ignore giving knowledge about sex to their children, many of them turn to having unprotected sex because they are not educated about the matter. Their eyes are blind about the sex. Teenagers go to parties, they get drunk and they get involved physically with opposite sex. No one ever taught them to have protected sex. So females ends up getting pregnant. So, they would choose to have an abortion. Which is a very big debatable issue. Moreover, even if they not ends up getting pregnant some of the partners might have an aid and then they would get that aids. This could prevent by giving children some or more knowledge about sex. Since patents do not teach their children then sex education should be a vital part of a high school education. Personally, I believe that by giving students knowledge about sex in high school will help prevent teenage pregnancies and even the spread of disease such as aids. The out come would be save lives. In short, as parents we should support the High School and encourage them to teach our children about sex life. If parents were willing to educate their children at home then there would be no need for sex education. However, most of parents ignore sex topic and they would not prefer to discuss this topic in the family. Since the sex education does not exist at most of the homes, then there should be a need for sex education besides home, which is school. Bibliography: . lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-3291694299790299502019-11-30T05:52:00.001-08:002019-11-30T05:52:02.066-08:00The efficency of suppliers prequaification Essay ExampleThe efficency of suppliers prequaification Essay The public owners for instance award contracts o the lowest responsible bidder in order to fulfill the requirements of the law that protect public interest and funds, prevent fraud, collusion, and favoritism, and obtain quality construction at reasonable and fair prices. Determination of the lowest bidder is easy and direct, while on the other hand determining whether the contractor is responsible or not is not as easy. Selection of contractors based on the lowest bid price has been criticized by a section of the construction industry itself. It has long been a source of frustration to those involved with competitive-bid construction projects that owners often treat low- laity construction work no differently from high-quality construction work. Both owners and contractors have acknowledged this problem. In a study carried out for SHASTA by Minch Jar. And Smith, 2001 , it was observed that contractors who were confident in their ability to produce high-quality work expressed their perceptions that public owners actually reward poor workmanship, at least indirectly. According to the contractors, they do this by not penalizing poor workmanship, thus giving a bidding edge to those contractors who take advantage of the owners reluctance to penalize them. The contractors performing high quality work are discouraged about the prospect of continuing to bid for construction work against contractors who consistently submit low bids and produce low quality products. In many cases, it was expressed that these same low bidding contractors consistently submit change orders for extras even when the claimed work was part of the original design. We will write a custom essay sample on The efficency of suppliers prequaification specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The efficency of suppliers prequaification specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The efficency of suppliers prequaification specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer No evidence was provided, however, to support these claims. Contractor prettification is one of the processes among many others that are used to ensure that the right contractor is chosen for the right Job. Briefly, contractor prettification can be defined as a decision making process by which an owner evaluates the competence of a candidate contractor to perform the requirements associated with a given project even before the final bidding process is set in motion. Contractor prettification will be described in greater detail in the subsequent chapter. One or any combination of the following may be considered for prettification: Contractors. Subcontractors. Suppliers. Products. Services, including professional services. Prettification of contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, products and services for publicly funded projects is problematic and the potential for criticism by the private sector, particularly by those parties who are not qualified, is always present. Thus making it obvious for everyone that the prettification process is not be taken lightly and also that its application is a function of a projects complexity and magnitude. Several multi criteria decision making models for contractor prettification are available for use in the industry and research field. These decision making models encompass a wide range of methodologies beginning with the simple Point Allocation PA) methodology and ending up with complex models such as models based on genetic algorithms, neural networks and stochastic probabilities. Each method has its own unique group of users. Users have based their choice of prettification models on varying factors such as user sophistication, cost of application of method, appropriateness of application of method to the particular project etc. This proliferation of prettification models is both a boon and a bane for an educated owner since it gives the owner a wide range of models to choose from while at the AMA time it creates doubt in the owners mind regarding the best possible method or model for prevailing contractors for a particular project. The models that are on the high end level of the methodology ladder are too sophisticated to be easily understood and appreciated by an average owner thus leaving the owner with no choice but to choose a model from the existing simpler ones being used in the industry. The advantage of using models implemented in industry is that they are simpler and easily understandable by everyone in the construction industry. This type of models can be labeled as Practical prettification models. Within the Practical models the level of sophistication varies from the simple to the highly complex. The issue of concern is to determine how efficient these contractor prettification models really are. Which contractor prettification model gives the best result when each prettification model is supplied with the same set of contractor information? This issue can be best addressed by a comparative analysis of prettification models. This analysis would include both quantitative as well as qualitative analysis in order to arrive at a proper conclusion regarding the efficacy of he prettification models. lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-10628926133337029482019-11-26T01:10:00.001-08:002019-11-26T01:10:03.040-08:00Hemophilia in the Royal Family essaysHemophilia in the Royal Family essays Hemophilia is a genetic disorder passed from one generation to the next through the X (female) chromosome. It is a disease in which the blood does not clot normally, due to abnormalities in some blood proteins that cause clotting. People with hemophilia (hemophiliacs) have blood that clots very slowly. They are in constant danger of bleeding to death, even if they have a minor injury. Surgery or even dental work can also be very risky. Although women transmit the disease, only men can exhibit it. Women who carry hemophilia (carriers) have the gene on one of their X chromosomes. Since the gene is recessive, they do not have the disorder. But if a male has the bad gene, then he will be a hemophiliac because there is no matching gene on his Y chromosome to be dominant to it. Females must have the gene on both X chromosomes to have hemophilia. In the past, most hemophiliacs died young, but today, they can be treated with blood transfusions. The following is a chart of the hemop hilia trait in one family over two generations. Hemophilia is often called the disease of kings because it was carried by many members of Europes royal family. Queen Victoria of England was a carrier of hemophilia and passed the disease to many of her descendants including the Russian emperors family and the Spanish royal family). Victoria bore nine children. The first two, Victoria and Edward, were perfectly healthy. The third, Alice, and the ninth, Beatrice, were carriers of the hemophilia gene. The eighth, Leopold, was a hemophiliac. He married the German princess Helen of Waldeck, but they had just two years of happiness. Gambling in Cannes, Leopold fell, hit his head, and died of a brain hemorrhage at the age of 31. Victorias youngest daughter, Beatrice, passed the hemophilia gene on to her daughter, Victoria-Eugenie, who married King Alfonso XIII of Spain. Of the four sons she bore him, two, Alfonso, who later became King, a... lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-20280669495014207982019-11-22T08:33:00.001-08:002019-11-22T08:33:03.292-08:00A Crude Awakening to a Ceaseless Dependency in Oil Crude Oil: It penetrates investor's mind and is increasingly contributing to their fatal dependence. Crude oil: Although it is low cost, it costs money in terms of war, loss of life, and social, social and economic confusion. Crude Oil: We are trying to own Black Gold. What was the beginning of a new traditional product is now a support system for all people. It creates a fantasy that completely changes life, a life without work, a free life, which is the spirit of anesthesia, a vague vision, a source of corruption. Quality in the sea One barrel of crude oil is a hard asset. Even if you are not in the oil industry, you can exchange the oil barrel in the market and exchange goods. However, the value of crude oil is not essential. Hundreds of years ago, before the invention of an engine that could use oil as a fuel, the value of crude oil was zero. One day, if the solar energy becomes cheap enough, the value of crude oil may approach zero again. At the same time, fluctuations in crude oil prices are influenced by current supply-demand situation and prediction of future supply-demand situation. Crude oil, commonly referred to as petroleum, is a liquid on the earth, composed of hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and small amounts of metal. Hydrocarbon is usually the main component of crude oil, its composition varies depending on the type of crude oil and extraction method, but it varies between 50% and 97%. Organic compounds such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur normally make up 6% to 10% of the crude oil and metals such as copper, nickel, vanadium and iron account for less than 1% of the total composition. Crude oil is the most common petroleum product in spilled oil. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and small amounts of sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and minor amounts of inorganic and organometallic compounds. There are three kinds of hydrocarbons, alkane, alkene, and aromatic. Low concentrations of alkanes can cause anesthesia and anesthesia as well as hi gh concentrations of cell damage and death in marine invertebrates. Olefins are usually not included in crude oil, but are included in refined products such as gasoline. Gasoline is more toxic than alkane, but it is less toxic than aromatic. Aromatic hydrocarbons are not common in nature, but they kill marine organisms not only at maximum intensity but also at dilute concentrations. Aromatic hydrocarbons are the most direct toxic component in oils (Boesch, Hershmer et al., 1974). lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-55009894931126671642019-11-20T21:56:00.001-08:002019-11-20T21:56:06.310-08:00Write up of 'Cameroon Case Study' Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsWrite up of 'Cameroon Case Study' - Coursework Example However, there are other sickle cell anaemia screening tests unavailable to test sickle cell anaemia in the small laboratory at the Mbetta Health Center. The tests require high cost, a lot of time, and they are by the high temperature and humidity. On the first day in Cameroon at Mbetta Village, the nursing staff referred to me a case of a boy aged 4 years. The boy was clearly unwell; he presented fever, headache, fatigue, pain in the arms and legs. On physical examination by a nurse, the boy`s blood pressure was in a normal range and he had no palpable lymph node. However, the higher left hand abdominal quadrant palpation, auscultation, and percussion signified an enlarged spleen. The nurse noted the boy`s mucus to be pale in colour on examination and the sclera portrayed some elements of Icterus. With no any other abnormal physical signs observed from the boy, the nurse took a venous blood sample and put it into anticoagulant to assist in carrying out a laboratory investigation of the disease. Sickle cell anaemia affects bones, lungs, abdomen, joints, limbs, and lungs (Ohene-Frempong 2006). For instance, pain, swelling, and fever occur when sickle cells block limb veins (Center for children with Special Needs 2006). When spleen traps many red blood cells a mechanism meant to trap the abnormal red blood cells, it enlarges (Maakaron, E. J. n.d.). Lastly, life-threatening cases of sickle cell anaemia occur when red blood cells are trapped in the lung vein to cause Acute Chest Syndrome, which may damage vein in the lungs. It is detected through abnormal breathing and normal blood pressure (Ohene-Frempong 2006). The laboratory in Mbetta village is small and equipped as a basic haematology laboratory. It contains microscope, slides, cover slips, and various stains like Romanowsky stain and immersion oil. It is also equipped with haematocrit centrifuge, glass capillaries, an electrophoresis tank, and a power pack. A lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-48106414299828488442019-11-19T02:13:00.001-08:002019-11-19T02:13:03.522-08:00Knowledge Management Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsKnowledge Management Techniques - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of knowledge management as the tools, techniques and strategies to retain, analyse, organise, improve and share business expertise. This definition of knowledge management seems incomplete for the reasons mentioned in the following discussion. The definition restricts knowledge management to the business sector only, whereas in my view knowledge management engulfs almost all the real world issues. However the generalization indicated through the terms ââ¬Å"toolsâ⬠, ââ¬Å"techniquesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"strategiesâ⬠makes this sound more appropriate. In practice knowledge management cannot be defined or expressed through specific terminologies. This is because the current meanings associated with the modern tools and gadgets may not be able to cope up with the growing pace of the phenomenon that drives knowledge management. To me the span of knowledge management is ever expanding. The endless limits of data generation and spread o f knowledge owing mainly to globalization are just a few of the factors that contribute to this paradigm of thought. Knowledge management is the effective learning processes associated with exploration, exploitation and sharing of human knowledge (tacit and explicit) that use appropriate technology and cultural environments to enhance an organisationââ¬â¢s intellectual capital performance. The definition explains knowledge management as a combination of processes that are performed on knowledge. These processes are ââ¬Å"explorationâ⬠, ââ¬Å"exploitationâ⬠and ââ¬Å"sharingâ⬠. ... With this description the ever growing meanings of knowledge management cannot be justified. This definition categorically covers the aspects related to technology and cultural environments. The main purpose of the whole exercise indicated in this definition is to improve the organizationââ¬â¢s working in terms of intellect. The most useful characteristic narrated in this definition is ââ¬Å"effective learningâ⬠. For learning to be effective it needs some scope or domain in which it can be exercised. Generally there is no such thing as ineffective learning. The definition highlights the relevance learning and its respective domain. Definition 3: ââ¬Å"Knowledge ââ¬â the insights, understandings, and practical know-how that we all possess ââ¬â is the fundamental resource that allows us to function intelligently. Over time, considerable knowledge is also transformed to other manifestations ââ¬â such as books, technology, practices, and traditions, - within organis ations of all kinds and in society in general. These transformations result in cumulated expertise and, when used appropriately, increased effectiveness.â⬠(Wiig, 1993) Evaluation: The definition proclaims that the basic entity that works behind intelligence is knowledge. This declaration may refer to the logical exploitation of knowledge as ââ¬Å"intelligenceâ⬠. Seemingly the words may hold broader sense than expected. The term ââ¬Å"traditionsâ⬠takes this definition very close to the real life phenomena. The assertion can be seen through the usage of term like ââ¬Å"societyâ⬠. Books, technology, practices and traditions are considered as varieties of appearances of knowledge. In my view these may also be considered as means or medium of knowledge transfer and usage. Knowledge encompasses both i.e. individual and lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-54563320025090247622019-11-16T14:45:00.001-08:002019-11-16T14:45:06.471-08:00The origin and significance of diversity Essay Example for Free The origin and significance of diversity Essay Introduction Ants Formà «ca are arguably the most successful organisms presently on earth. They evolved from a wasp like common ancestor approximately 150 million years ago(2006 Chuck Lydeard)1. Due to their long ecological dominancy amongst insect and short life span they have undergone a high rate of adaptive radiation. Leading to a reasonably large amount of species and inter- species diversity. There are at least 12000 different species of Formicidae (2008 Edward O. Wilson)2 which have colonised almost every landmass on the planet(Alice S. Jones 2006)3 This unique dominancy and prevalence means that Ants presently account for an incomparable 15 to 20%(2000 Ted R. Schultz)4,3 of the worlds terrestrial animal biomass. Formà «ca exhibit eusociality, they have complex rigid social roles and interactions. They form colonies varying form a few hundred to super colonies with billions of individuals. Ants prevalence is often over looked due to their size and nature. The time when we most notice their vast numbers is when it starts affecting us; but to put it in perspective there are around 1.7billion ants for every person in Scotland(2006 Edward O. Wilson) 5,6. History of OriginThe Origin of the Ant stems back even further than we originally thought. A new D.N.A. study which included researchers from Harvard University states that they evolved around 140 to 168 million years ago in the Jurassic or Cretaceous period1. This is significant when we analyze how Ants became so successful and diverse. They evolved from the same common ancestor family as wasps called Vespoidea (1999 Denis J. Brothers)7 the similarity is clear in the family velvet ant (Mutillidae,) [See figure 1] which is actually a wasp but exhibits ant like qualities. They originally evolved in a rain forest type climate living predominantly amongst large herbivores. Indeed this is where we see the greatest number of Formà «ca and variation in species at present3,4. For a long time Ants were scarce making up only around 1 percent of the insect population(2000 David Grimaldi and Donat Agosti)8. However around 100 million years ago with the appearance of flowering plants the r-sel ection species experienced a high rate of evolutionary radiation. As a result of this period of adaptive radiation, ants ecological dominancy increased: 20-40% of insects found in fossil deposits from the middle of the Tertiary period are ants8. Floweringà plants were the key to the ants increased population; they created a much wider range of niches and thus reduced competition amongst insects, which lead to an increase in insects that ants could utilise as a food source(2006 Moreau CS.)9 Over time ants exhibited complex symbiotic relationships. I noted a good example of this in the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens(à ¦). The Acacia sphaerocephala [See figure 2] is tree native to Central and South America it exhibits a symbiotic relationship with an ant species Pseudo myrmex sphaerocephala. Its thorns are hollow and perfect for the ants to live in protecting them from predators which could disrupt their colonies if on the ground. In turn this mutualistic relationship benefits the tree as the ants guard it from other leaf eating insects. The eusociality social structure exhibited by Formà «ca is significant to its success. Instinctive genes inherited from its common ancestor Vespoidea give rise to its social colony structure. This is also still seen in most wasps which evolved from the same ancestral family. Diversity within Formà «ca-QueensFormà «ca display a specific, highly organised, affective social colony structure. Diversity within species of Ant is based on the needs of the colony. The colony is even looked at as an organism in itself (a Super Organism) for the purpose of some field work. Individuals have specific development pathways which lead to specific roles such as, Soldiers, Workers, Drones, Queens, Foragers and food stores (repletes). The development into these different classes is determined mostly by environmental factors such as nutrition and hormones. Yet in a few studies genetic variation has been found between castes. These genetic changes are small a change in one gene which can, for instance, decide whether a colony has one or multiple queens. However in most cases all ants start with the same genes with the exception of males. Ants generally have 4 development stages, egg, larva, pupa and adult(2002 Myrm)10. The larvae (see figure 3) are only capable of some minor movement, such as bending their head toward a food source. It is in the larval stage where differing the level of care and nourishment leads to different development pathways. When resources are low most larvae will develop into sterile female workers. Only if the developed colony has an abundant food supply will worker ants map selected larvae using pheromones. These then receive better nourishment than others whichà triggers select genes to activate(1978 Edward O. Wilson.)11 These larvae develop into, normally winged, sexually mature female ants (See figure 4)which leave to find a male (Drone) and start a new colony. In some colonies for whatever reason there is no queen; in this case a female worker (all ants apart from drones are female) becomes fertile and lays fertile eggs. The Queens main role is to allow gene flow in the gene pool. She mates with one or more males from other colonies before starting her own. This is t he only sexual interaction between ants from different colonies. This important role exhibits the significance of variation within a species. Diversity within Formà «ca-DronesWorkers generally cannot mate yet because of the haplodiploid sex-determination system in most species they have the ability to lay unfertilised eggs that become fully fertile haploid males. This system means that offspring created from the combination of a sperm and an egg develop as a female (Worker or Queen) and an unfertilized egg develops as a male. This results in males having half the number of chromosomes compared to females (males are haploid). This system means that a drone (See figure 5) has no father and cannot have sons however he has a grandfather and is able to have grandsons. The Jack Jumper Ant Myrmecia pilosulas (See figure 6) genome is enclosed on a single pair of chromosomes as males are haploid they only have 1 chromosome, the lowest amount identified for any animal. ( 1986 Michael W. J. Crosland Ross H. Crozier)12 Interestingly Myrmecia pilosula have a venomous poison and cause more deaths in Tasmania than spiders, snakes, wasps, and sharks combined.(2008 Killer Ants T.V.)13 The only purpose of drones is to mate with a queen so she can start a new colony when this is complete he dies. Diversity within Formà «ca-WorkersWorkers carry out every other role in ant society. Depending on their age and a number of environmental conditions, including the state of the colony, workers can be soldiers, nurses, farmers, repletes and more, depending on the species. Ants are the only taxonomic group to evolve into specific eusocialit roles with age. This creates a very clear and significant diversity within species. Soldiers are often older workers which develop powerful mandibles. In contrast to workers soldiers are a lot larger; in the species Pheidologeton diversus the dry mass of aà soldier can be 500 times that of a worker. The difference is most prevalent in the army ant genus Dorylus(See figure 7.) Due to seasonal food shortages they leave their temporary ant hill and march in columns of up to 50 million individuals. Columns are ordered with workers being flanked and protected by the larger soldier ants(1991Bert Hà ¶lldobler)14. The soldiers create a defensive moving wall allowing the workers to safely and swiftly move through the corridor (at around 20 meters an hour.) A clear example of the diversity within a species is found in the genus Myrmecocystus. It is literally a living food store, workers feed another worker until its abdomen swells and it gets too large to get out of the chamber it is in. They are termed repletes (See figure 8) and are used by the colony to survive in times of reduced resources such as; food, water and nutrients(1993 Randy C. Morgan)15. Diversity between different species of FormicaFormicas ecological dominance has driven diversity between species to reduce competition. To allow successful resource partitioning and acquisition of new resources there are vast differences in the physical abilities of different species. A resent example of this is the study of the species Odontomachus bauri (Trap Jaw Ant) by Andrew Suarez (an ecologist and entomologist at the University of Illinois) in late 2006. Through the use of high speed cameras (about 10,000 times faster than those used to film movies) the speed of the ant jaws closing was able to be measured. It is, by a clear margin, the fastest self perpetuated moment in the animal kingdom with speeds exceeding 144 miles per hour. Even more interesting is the power involved in this movement the jaws accelerate at 100,000 times the force of gravity. This results in the movement being completed very quickly, the movement could be repeated approximately 2300 times in the time it takes you to blink: exerting a force up to 500 times the ants body mass(2006 Andrew Suarez)16. This diversity gives the ant a competitive advantage over other species. They use this ability to kill pray, attack predators and to flee from predators. As when the jaws close against the predator or ground the ant gets propelled away. An example of very specific diversity is that of leaf cutter ants Myrmicinae. They farm specific fungi as food sources in their colonies. Gathering specific leaves to feed the fungi and carrying antimicrobialà bacteria to stop infection or competition for their specific fungi. However a more unique and resent discovery in Formica diversity is Polyrhachis sokolova (See figure 9) discovered in Australia in 2006 in mangrove swamps it is the only ant found to swim and nest under water. They survive in air pockets and by swimming to the surface to breath (2006 Dr Simon Robson)17. Not much more is known about them and research is ongoing. They clearly demonstrate the level of diversity and its significance in avoiding and reducing competition between ant species. Conclusion To conclude Formica are exceedingly diverse both within and between species. They exhibit very specific roles within their colonies so much so that the entre colony can be viewed as a single organism. They have been present on earth for a comparably long time. During this time they have diversified amongst species creating many complex and delicate symbiotic relationships with other organisms. However the impending threat of climate change coupled with deforestation and loss of habitat could threaten ant species. With a body I work with- the IPCC (international panel on climate change) predicting that Climate change alone is expected to force a further 15%- 37% of species to the brink of extinction within the next 50 years.(2006 IPCC.)18 There may be a serious impact on the biodiversity of ants due to their many obligate host habitats and specific dependency on other organisms. References 1 http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-3/Ancient-ants-arose-140-168-million-years-ago-7286-1/2 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/science/15wils.html3 http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/08/ants/did-you-know-learn4 http://www.pnas.org/content/97/26/140285 http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=17930206 http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/2007-news/scotlands-mid-year-population-estimates.html7 Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees 233- 249. 8 http://www.pnas.org/content/97/25/136789 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1660119010 http://www.antnest.co.uk/cycle.html11 Caste and ecology in the social lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1554814473234398430.post-70608047892041713642019-11-14T03:17:00.001-08:002019-11-14T03:17:03.625-08:00Paul Cronan Analysis :: essays research papers A.à à à à à Relevant Dates and Facts a.à à à à à 1973 ââ¬â Paul Cronan hired by New England Telephone (NET) straight from high school. He began working as a file clerk. b.à à à à à 1983 ââ¬â Cronan was promoted to Service Technician. c.à à à à à January to June 1985 ââ¬â Cronan was ill at various times, having symptoms of AIDS-related complex (ARC). d.à à à à à June 1985 ââ¬â Cronan was denied permission to leave work for a medical appointment by his supervisor, Charles Oââ¬â¢Brian. Oââ¬â¢Brian had given permission on two other occasions, but refused this third time unless Cronan revealed the reason for the appointment. Cronan told Oââ¬â¢Brian of his condition only after Oââ¬â¢Brian promised the information would be held in confidence. Oââ¬â¢Brian excused Cronan for his medical appointment. The next day, Cronan was required to see a company doctor who examined him for 10 minutes. Several days after the appointment, a co-worker phoned Cronan to say that she had heard Cronan was infected with AIDS. e.à à à à à June 10, 1985 ââ¬â Cronan began receiving departmental sickness benefits after phoning his supervisor and requesting medical leave. One week later, Cronan began receiving company paid illness benefits. f.à à à à à June 21, 1985 ââ¬â Cronanââ¬â¢s personal physician provided a medical certificate stating that Cronan was disabled for 3 months. This certificate was renewed and extended for one year. g.à à à à à During the summer of Cronanââ¬â¢s absence, graffiti was written on the bathroom walls at work. h.à à à à à August 1985 ââ¬â NET department heads from Personnel, Labor Relations, and Medical began meeting to talk about the potential impact of AIDS on the company and its workforce. Oââ¬â¢Brian is replaced by Griffin as Cronanââ¬â¢s supervisor. i.à à à à à September 13, 1985 ââ¬â Cronan diagnosed with AIDS. j.à à à à à September 16, 1985 ââ¬â NET announces new corporate AIDS policy. k.à à à à à December 1985 ââ¬â Cronan, with the help of the Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts, files a lawsuit in state court against NET. He charges that NET violated state privacy laws and discrimination. l.à à à à à January 1986 ââ¬â NET tries to have the case moved to federal court. m.à à à à à June 10, 1986 ââ¬â Cronanââ¬â¢s illness benefits run out and NET puts him on disability which equals 50% of his wages. n.à à à à à October 16, 1986 ââ¬â Cronan and NET reach an out of court settlement where by Cronan is able to return to work and he receives a transfer. B.à à à à à Critical Issues a.à à à à à Privacy ââ¬â Cronanââ¬â¢s right to privacy may have been violated when his supervisor revealed his medical information to management other than Oââ¬â¢Brianââ¬â¢s immediate supervisor. b.à à à à à Discrimination ââ¬â Cronan may have been discriminated against by his dismissal when his medical benefits had run their course. lorrainehenry145http://www.blogger.com/profile/08348612137987630273noreply@blogger.com0